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Relative minimum ADC (rADC\n                      <jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), mean (rADC\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), maximum (rADC\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and rADC\n                      <jats:sub>max-min<\/jats:sub>\n                      (rADC\n                      <jats:sub>dif<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were obtained by standardization of the contralateral white matter. Maximum cerebral blood flow (CBF\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was obtained according to the ASL-CBF map. The regions of interests (ROIs) were manually delineated on the inner side of the tumor to further generate a 3D-ROI and obtain the non-enhancing tumor (nET) volume. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Atypical PCNSLs showed significantly lower rADC\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , rADC\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and rADC\n                      <jats:sub>dif<\/jats:sub>\n                      than that of GBMs. GBMs showed significantly higher CBF\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and nET volume ratios than that of atypical PCNSLs. Combined three-variable models with rADC\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      , CBF\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and nET volume ratio were superior to one- and two-variable models. The AUC of the three-variable model was 0.96, and the sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 96.55%, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combined evaluation of rADC\n                      <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      , CBF\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and nET volume allowed for reliable differentiation between atypical PCNSL and GBM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>Atypical PCNSL is easily misdiagnosed as glioblastoma, which leads to unnecessary surgical resection.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>The nET volume, ADC, and ASL-derived parameter (CBF) were lower for atypical PCNSL than that for glioblastoma.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u2022\n                      <jats:italic>The combination of multiple parameters performed well (AUC\u2009=\u20090.96) in the discrimination between atypical PCNSL and glioblastoma.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09681-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T07:02:31Z","timestamp":1683874951000},"page":"5357-5367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Atypical primary central nervous system lymphoma and glioblastoma: multiparametric differentiation based on non-enhancing volume, apparent diffusion coefficient, and arterial spin labeling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minting","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunlin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruyu","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changguo","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linbo","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"9681_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos218","volume":"14","author":"TA Dolecek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dolecek TA, Propp JM, Stroup NE, Kruchko C (2012) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2005\u20132009. 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