{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:10:16Z","timestamp":1793157016034,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10151-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T10:01:50Z","timestamp":1693648910000},"page":"1726-1735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in multiple sclerosis: a review by the ESMRMB-GREC and ESNR Multiple Sclerosis Working Group"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2132-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c0lex","family":"Rovira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2272-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio M.","family":"Doniselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Auger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-1770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome","family":"Hodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariasavina","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9298-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike P.","family":"Wattjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2376-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aart J.","family":"van der Molen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1577-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas","family":"Jasperse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0149-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo A.","family":"Mallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3295-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Yousry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo C.","family":"Quattrocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the ESMRMB-GREC Working Group and of the ESNR Multiple Sclerosis Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"10151_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00095-8","volume":"20","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS et al (2021) 2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 20:653\u2013670","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10151_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285613484079","volume":"6","author":"A Rovira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rovira A, Auger C, Alonso J (2013) Magnetic resonance monitoring of lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 6:298\u2013310","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10151_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30158-8","volume":"16","author":"V Gulani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gulani V, Calamante F, Shellock FG et al (2017) Gadolinium deposition in the brain: summary of evidence and recommendations. Lancet Neurol 16:564\u2013570","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10151_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2021.08.002","volume":"48","author":"J Ognard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ognard J, Barrat JA, Cotton F et al (2021) A roadmap towards pollution prevention and sustainable development of Gadolinium. J Neuroradiol 48:409\u2013411","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000929","volume":"58","author":"CC Quattrocchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quattrocchi CC, Parillo M, Spani F et al (2023) Skin thickening of the scalp and high signal intensity of dentate nucleus in multiple sclerosis: association with linear versus macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent administration. Invest Radiol 58:223\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000929","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02434-8","volume":"62","author":"CA Mallio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mallio CA, Rovira \u00c0, Parizel PM, Quattrocchi CC (2020) Exposure to gadolinium and neurotoxicity: current status of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuroradiology 62:925\u2013934","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10151_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5803-6","volume":"29","author":"CC Quattrocchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quattrocchi CC, Ramalho J, van der Molen AJ et al (2019) Standardized assessment of the signal intensity increase on unenhanced T1-weighted images in the brain: the European Gadolinium Retention Evaluation Consortium (GREC) Task Force position statement. Eur Radiol 29:3959\u20133967","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016161626","volume":"282","author":"CC Quattrocchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quattrocchi CC, van der Molen AJ (2017) Gadolinium retention in the body and brain: is it time for an international joint research effort? Radiology 282:12\u201316","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10151_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13131669","volume":"270","author":"T Kanda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kanda T, Ishii K, Kawaguchi H et al (2014) High signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images: relationship with increasing cumulative dose of a gadolinium-based contrast material. Radiology 270:834\u2013841","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10151_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","volume":"17","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F et al (2018) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 17:162\u2013173","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10151_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5773","volume":"39","author":"C Saade","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saade C, Bou-Fakhredin R, Yousem DM et al (2018) Gadolinium and multiple sclerosis: vessels, barriers of the brain, and glymphatics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 39:2168\u20132176","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms965oa","volume":"9","author":"A Minagar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Minagar A, Alexander JS (2003) Blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 9:540\u2013549","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10151_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lassmann H (2019) Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2018.03116","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2018.03116"},{"key":"10151_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.159.5.1414773","volume":"159","author":"F Barkhof","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Frequin STFM et al (1992) Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: sequential enhanced MR imaging vs clinical findings in determining disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:1041\u20131047","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10151_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.06.005","volume":"18","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lassmann H (2008) The pathologic substrate of magnetic resonance alterations in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 18:563\u2013576","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10151_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.3.285","volume":"62","author":"T Koudriavtseva","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koudriavtseva T, Thompson AJ, Fiorelli M et al (1997) Gadolinium enhanced MRI predicts clinical and MRI disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62:285\u2013287","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10151_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000046587.83503.1E","volume":"60","author":"F Cotton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cotton F, Weiner HL, Jolesz FA, Guttmann CRG (2003) MRI contrast uptake in new lesions in relapsing-remitting MS followed at weekly intervals. Neurology 60:640\u2013646","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10151_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.9.1349","volume":"41","author":"JA Burnham","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burnham JA, Wright RR, Dreisbach J, Murray RS (1991) The effect of high-dose steroids on MRI gadolinium enhancement in acute demyelinating lesions. Neurology 41:1349\u20131349","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10151_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290111","volume":"29","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, Wicks D et al (1991) Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 29:53\u201362","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10151_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.145805","volume":"79","author":"H Tremlett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tremlett H, Zhao Y, Joseph J et al (2008) Relapses in multiple sclerosis are age- and time-dependent. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:1368\u20131374","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10151_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09895-0","volume":"267","author":"MW Koch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koch MW, Mostert J, Greenfield J et al (2020) Gadolinium enhancement on cranial MRI in multiple sclerosis is age dependent. J Neurol 267:2619\u20132624","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10151_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz156","volume":"142","author":"WJ Brownlee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brownlee WJ, Altmann DR, Prados F et al (2019) Early imaging predictors of long-term outcomes in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis. Brain 142:2276\u20132287","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10151_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz144","volume":"142","author":"M Filippi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Filippi M, Preziosa P, Banwell BL et al (2019) Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines. Brain 142:1858\u20131875","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10151_CR24","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. EMA\u2019s final opinion confirms restrictions on use of linear gadolinium agents in body scans (21 July 2017). https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/referral\/gadolinium-article-31-referral-emas-final-opinion-confirms-restrictions-use-linear-gadolinium-agents_en-0.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2023"},{"key":"10151_CR25","unstructured":"FDA Drug Safety Podcast: FDA warns that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are retained in the body; requires new class warnings | FDA. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/fda-drug-safety-podcasts\/fda-drug-safety-podcast-fda-warns-gadolinium-based-contrast-agents-gbcas-are-retained-body-requires. Accessed 20 Feb 2023"},{"key":"10151_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324534","volume":"92","author":"MT Wijburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wijburg MT, Warnke C, McGuigan C et al (2021) Pharmacovigilance during treatment of multiple sclerosis: early recognition of CNS complications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 92:177\u2013188","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10151_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6586","volume":"41","author":"CA Mallio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mallio CA, Quattrocchi CC, Rovira \u00c0, Parizel PM (2020) Gadolinium deposition safety: seeking the patient\u2019s perspective. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 41:944\u2013946","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26669","volume":"50","author":"CA Mallio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mallio CA, Piervincenzi C, Gianolio E et al (2019) Absence of dentate nucleus resting-state functional connectivity changes in nonneurological patients with gadolinium-related hyperintensity on T1 -weighted images. J Magn Reson Imaging 50:445\u2013455","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10151_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02415-x","volume":"62","author":"CA Mallio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mallio CA, Piervincenzi C, Carducci F et al (2020) Within-network brain connectivity in Crohn\u2019s disease patients with gadolinium deposition in the cerebellum. Neuroradiology 62:833\u2013841","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10151_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175628642110396","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211039648","volume":"14","author":"H Wiendl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiendl H, Gold R, Berger T et al (2021) Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group (MSTCG): position statement on disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (white paper). Ther Adv Neurol Disord 14:17562864211039648","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10151_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103190","volume":"55","author":"L Fernandes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandes L, Allen CM, Williams T et al (2021) The contemporary role of MRI in the monitoring and management of people with multiple sclerosis in the UK. Mult Scler Relat Disord 55:103190","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10151_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4304-8","volume":"49","author":"E Blumfield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blumfield E, Swenson DW, Iyer RS, Stanescu AL (2019) Gadolinium-based contrast agents - review of recent literature on magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity changes and tissue deposits, with emphasis on pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol 49:448\u2013457","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05134-4","volume":"51","author":"AJ Towbin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Towbin AJ, Zhang B, Dillman JR (2021) Evaluation of the effect of multiple administrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine or gadoterate meglumine on brain T1-weighted hyperintensity in pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol 51:2568\u20132580","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-04973-5","volume":"52","author":"SM Noda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noda SM, Oztek MA, Stanescu AL et al (2022) Gadolinium retention: should pediatric radiologists be concerned, and how to frame conversations with families. Pediatr Radiol 52:345\u2013353","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.15141488","volume":"276","author":"KY Oh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oh KY, Roberts VHJ, Schabel MC et al (2015) Gadolinium chelate contrast material in pregnancy: fetal biodistribution in the nonhuman primate. Radiology 276:110\u2013118","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10151_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2017.06.010","volume":"25","author":"P Puac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puac P, Rodr\u00edguez A, Vallejo C et al (2017) Safety of contrast material use during pregnancy and lactation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 25:787\u2013797","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10151_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.10.005","volume":"228","author":"AG Winterstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winterstein AG, Thai TN, Nduaguba S et al (2022) Risk of fetal or neonatal death or neonatal intensive care unit admission associated with gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging exposure during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 228:465.e1\u2013465.e11","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10151_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12126","volume":"316","author":"JG Ray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Bharatha A et al (2016) Association between MRI Exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA 316:952\u2013961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10151_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318180a505","volume":"112","author":"MM Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen MM, Coakley FV, Kaimal A, Laros RK (2008) Guidelines for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 112:333\u2013340","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10151_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26317","volume":"49","author":"BM Mervak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mervak BM, Altun E, McGinty KA et al (2019) MRI in pregnancy: indications and practical considerations. J Magn Reson Imaging 49:621\u2013631","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10151_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gatta G, Di Grezia G, Cuccurullo V et al (2021) MRI in pregnancy and precision medicine: a review from literature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/JPM12010009","DOI":"10.3390\/JPM12010009"},{"key":"10151_CR42","unstructured":"ACR (2023) Manual on contrast media, v2023. American College of Radiology, USA. https:\/\/www.acr.org\/-\/media\/%20ACR\/Files\/Clinical-Resources\/Contrast_Media.pdf. Accessed 19 Jun 2023"},{"key":"10151_CR43","unstructured":"ESUR (2018). ESUR guidelines on contrast agents, v10. https:\/\/www.esur.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ESUR-Guidelines-10_0-Final-Version.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2023"},{"key":"10151_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002355","volume":"130","author":"ACOG","year":"2017","unstructured":"ACOG (2017) Committee Opinion No. 723: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstet Gynecol 130:e210\u2013e216","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10151_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185113484894","volume":"54","author":"JA Webb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Webb JA, Thomsen HS (2013) Gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Radiol 54:599\u2013600","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.7405","volume":"198","author":"PI Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang PI, Chong ST, Kielar AZ et al (2012) Imaging of pregnant and lactating patients: part 1, evidence-based review and recommendations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:778\u2013784","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10151_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.2.r00au09555","volume":"216","author":"RA Kubik-Huch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kubik-Huch RA, Gottstein-Aalame NM, Frenzel T et al (2000) Gadopentetate dimeglumine excretion into human breast milk during lactation. Radiology 216:555\u2013558","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10151_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22413","volume":"34","author":"PC Sundgren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sundgren PC, Leander P (2011) Is administration of gadolinium-based contrast media to pregnant women and small children justified? J Magn Reson Imaging 34:750\u2013757","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10151_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02675-1","volume":"63","author":"F Proen\u00e7a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Proen\u00e7a F, Guerreiro C, S\u00e1 G, Reim\u00e3o S (2021) Neuroimaging safety during pregnancy and lactation: a review. Neuroradiology 63:837\u2013845","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10151_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2020.06.002","volume":"28","author":"JT Little","year":"2020","unstructured":"Little JT, Bookwalter CA (2020) Magnetic resonance safety: pregnancy and lactation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 28:509\u2013516","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10151_CR51","unstructured":"van der Molen AJ, Geenen RWF, Dekkers AI (2023) Guideline safe use of contrast media part 3, Radiological Society of The Netherlands (NVvR). https:\/\/radiologen.nl\/sites\/default\/files\/Kwaliteit\/guideline_safe_use_of_contrast_media_part_3_final_8nov2022_eng.pdf. Accessed 26 Mar 2023"},{"key":"10151_CR52","first-page":"1279","volume":"18","author":"JH van Waesberghe","year":"1997","unstructured":"van Waesberghe JH, Castelijns JA, Roser W et al (1997) Single-dose gadolinium with magnetization transfer versus triple-dose gadolinium in the MR detection of multiple sclerosis lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18:1279\u20131285","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5253","volume":"38","author":"A Rovira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rovira A, Auger C, Huerga E et al (2017) Cumulative dose of macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent improves detection of enhancing lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38:1486\u20131493","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3181e359c2","volume":"34","author":"FL Giesel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giesel FL, Runge V, Kirchin M et al (2010) Three-dimensional multiphase time-resolved low-dose contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using TWIST on a 32-channel coil at 3 T. J Comput Assist Tomogr 34:678\u2013683","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10151_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000944","volume":"58","author":"LA Loevner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loevner LA, Kolumban B, Hut\u00f3czki G et al (2023) Efficacy and safety of gadopiclenol for contrast-enhanced MRI of the central nervous system: the PICTURE randomized clinical trial. Invest Radiol 58:307\u2013313","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25970","volume":"48","author":"E Gong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gong E, Pauly JM, Wintermark M, Zaharchuk G (2018) Deep learning enables reduced gadolinium dose for contrast-enhanced brain MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 48:330\u2013340","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10151_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00220.x","volume":"95","author":"M Filippi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Filippi M, Yousry T, Rocca MA et al (1997) Sensitivity of delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 95:331\u2013334","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10151_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001587","volume":"85","author":"M Absinta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Absinta M, Vuolo L, Rao A et al (2015) Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 85:18\u201328","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10151_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.21.26999","volume":"219","author":"SV Okar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okar SV, Reich DS (2022) Routine gadolinium use for MRI follow-up of multiple sclerosis: point-the role of leptomeningeal enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 219:24\u201325","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10151_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4503-3","volume":"27","author":"FX Aymerich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aymerich FX, Auger C, Alcaide-Leon P et al (2017) Comparison between gadolinium-enhanced 2D T1-weighted gradient-echo and spin-echo sequences in the detection of active multiple sclerosis lesions on 3.0T MRI. Eur Radiol 27:1361\u20131368","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2020.01.085","volume":"47","author":"B Bapst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bapst B, Amegnizin JL, Vignaud A et al (2020) Post-contrast 3D T1-weighted TSE MR sequences (SPACE, CUBE, VISTA\/BRAINVIEW, isoFSE, 3D MVOX): technical aspects and clinical applications. J Neuroradiol 47:358\u2013368","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3174\/AJNR.A3795","volume":"35","author":"J Hodel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hodel J, Outteryck O, Ryo E et al (2014) Accuracy of postcontrast 3D turbo spin-echo MR sequence for the detection of enhanced inflammatory lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:519\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/AJNR.A3795","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.3.r00au46891","volume":"216","author":"JP Mugler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mugler JP, Bao S, Mulkern RV et al (2000) Optimized single-slab three-dimensional spin-echo MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 216:891\u2013899","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10151_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000937","volume":"58","author":"A de Panafieu","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Panafieu A, Lecler A, Goujon A et al (2023) Contrast-enhanced 3D spin echo T1-weighted sequence outperforms 3D gradient echo T1-weighted sequence for the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions on 3.0 T brain MRI. Invest Radiol 58:314\u2013319","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.019","volume":"47","author":"C Di Perri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Di Perri C, Dwyer MG, Wack DS et al (2009) Signal abnormalities on 1.5 and 3 Tesla brain MRI in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. A morphological and spatial quantitative comparison study. Neuroimage 47:1352\u20131362","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10151_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20190082","volume":"77","author":"LLF Do Amaral","year":"2019","unstructured":"Do Amaral LLF, Fragoso DC, da Rocha AJ (2019) Improving acute demyelinating lesion detection: which T1-weighted magnetic resonance acquisition is more sensitive to gadolinium enhancement? Arq Neuropsiquiatr 77:485\u2013492","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10151_CR67","first-page":"1863","volume":"19","author":"S Bastianello","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bastianello S, Gasperini C, Paolillo A et al (1998) Sensitivity of enhanced MR in multiple sclerosis: effects of contrast dose and magnetization transfer contrast. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:1863\u20131867","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR68","first-page":"106","volume":"16","author":"O Algin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Algin O, Hakyemez B, Ta\u015fkapilio\u01e7lu \u00d6 et al (2010) Imaging of active multiple sclerosis plaques: efficiency of contrast-enhanced magnetization transfer subtraction technique. Diagn Interv Radiol 16:106\u2013111","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2011.100396","volume":"52","author":"O Al-Saeed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Saeed O, Ismail M, Athyal R, Sheikh M (2011) Fat-saturated post gadolinium T1 imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis. Acta Radiol 52:570\u2013574","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2009.00443.x","volume":"21","author":"KE Balashov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balashov KE, Aung LL, Dhib-Jalbut S, Keller IA (2011) Acute multiple sclerosis lesion: conversion of restricted diffusion due to vasogenic edema. J Neuroimaging 21:202\u2013204","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10151_CR71","volume":"74","author":"J-M Bugnicourt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bugnicourt J-M, Garcia P-Y, Monet P et al (2010) Teaching NeuroImages: marked reduced apparent diffusion coefficient in acute multiple sclerosis lesion. Neurology 74:e87","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10151_CR72","first-page":"1006","volume":"27","author":"C Rosso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosso C, Remy P, Creange A et al (2006) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging characteristics of an acute strokelike form of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1006\u20131008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR73","first-page":"989","volume":"23","author":"A Rovira","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rovira A, Pericot I, Alonso J et al (2002) Serial diffusion-weighted MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy of acute large demyelinating brain lesions: case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:989\u2013994","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2975","volume":"33","author":"P Eisele","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eisele P, Szabo K, Griebe M et al (2012) Reduced diffusion in a subset of acute MS lesions: a serial multiparametric MRI study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:1369\u20131373","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6<707::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"47","author":"C Lucchinetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lucchinetti C, Br\u00fcck W, Parisi J et al (2000) Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 47:707\u2013717","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10151_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100014074","volume":"39","author":"H Rigby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rigby H, Maloney W, Bhan V (2012) Diagnostic considerations in acute MS lesions with restricted diffusion on MRI. Can J Neurol Sci 39:525\u2013526","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10151_CR77","first-page":"1491","volume":"20","author":"AL Tievsky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tievsky AL, Ptak T, Farkas J (1999) Investigation of apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion tensor anisotrophy in acute and chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20:1491\u20131499","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512445407","volume":"18","author":"KE Balashov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balashov KE, Lindzen E (2012) Acute demyelinating lesions with restricted diffusion in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 18:1745\u20131753","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10151_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5209","volume":"38","author":"A Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta A, Al-Dasuqi K, Xia F et al (2017) The use of noncontrast quantitative MRI to detect gadolinium-enhancing multiple sclerosis brain lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38:1317\u20131322","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.09.006","volume":"10","author":"M Abdoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdoli M, Chakraborty S, MacLean HJ, Freedman MS (2016) The evaluation of MRI diffusion values of active demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 10:97\u2013102","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10151_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6862","volume":"41","author":"S Sacco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacco S, Caverzasi E, Papinutto N et al (2020) Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging for assessing acute inflammation and lesion evolution in MS. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 41:2219\u20132226","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06995-3","volume":"30","author":"G Caruana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caruana G, Pessini LM, Cannella R et al (2020) Texture analysis in susceptibility-weighted imaging may be useful to differentiate acute from chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. Eur Radiol 30:6348\u20136356","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10151_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(99)00062-4","volume":"17","author":"O Yu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yu O, Mauss Y, Zollner G et al (1999) Distinct patterns of active and non-active plaques using texture analysis on brain NMR images in multiple sclerosis patients: preliminary results. Magn Reson Imaging 17:1261\u20131267","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10151_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michoux N, Guillet A, Rommel D et al (2015) Texture analysis of T2-weighted MR images to assess acute inflammation in brain MS lesions. PLoS One 10","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145497"},{"key":"10151_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4856","volume":"37","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Gauthier SA, Gupta A et al (2016) Magnetic susceptibility from quantitative susceptibility mapping can differentiate new enhancing from nonenhancing multiple sclerosis lesions without gadolinium injection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37:1794\u20131799","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7474","volume":"43","author":"G Caruana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caruana G, Auger C, Pessini LM et al (2022) SWI as an alternative to contrast-enhanced imaging to detect acute MS lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 43:534\u2013539","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10151_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02605-7","volume":"63","author":"S Vinayagamani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vinayagamani S, Sabarish S, Nair SS et al (2021) Quantitative susceptibility-weighted imaging in predicting disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology 63:1061\u20131069","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10151_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019191061","volume":"294","author":"PA Narayana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narayana PA, Coronado I, Sujit SJ et al (2020) Deep learning for predicting enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis from noncontrast MRI. Radiology 294:398\u2013404","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10151_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.09.003","volume":"9","author":"WS Vargas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vargas WS, Monohan E, Pandya S et al (2015) Measuring longitudinal myelin water fraction in new multiple sclerosis lesions. NeuroImage Clin 9:369\u2013375","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10151_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430616","volume":"43","author":"M Filippi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Filippi M, Rocca MA, Martino G et al (1998) Magnetization transfer changes in the normal appearing white matter precede the appearance of enhancing lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 43:809\u2013814","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10151_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205846011989421","DOI":"10.1177\/2058460119894214","volume":"8","author":"MJ de la Pe\u00f1a","year":"2019","unstructured":"de la Pe\u00f1a MJ, Pe\u00f1a IC, Garc\u00eda PG-P et al (2019) Early perfusion changes in multiple sclerosis patients as assessed by MRI using arterial spin labeling. Acta Radiol Open 8:2058460119894214","journal-title":"Acta Radiol Open"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10151-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10151-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10151-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T18:11:02Z","timestamp":1708107062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10151-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10151-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr. Rovira.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"(a) \u00c0lex Rovira serves\/ed on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Icometrix, SyntheticMR, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, and OLEA Medical, and has received speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bracco Imaging, Merck-Serono, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Novartis, Roche, and Biogen.(b) Fabio Doniselli, Cristina Auger, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Hodel, Mariasavina Severino, Bas Jasperse, Tarek Yousry, and Carlo Augusto Mallio do not have any conflict of interest to disclosure.(c) Lukas Haider was supported by an ESNR (European Society of Neuro-Radiology) Research Fellowship and the ECTRIMS-MAGNIMS Research Fellowship and received funding from the Austrian MS Society.(d) M. P. Wattjes received speaker or consultancy honoraria from Alexion, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Biologix, Celgene, Genilac, Imcyse, IXICO, Icometrix, Medison, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme; publication royalties from Springer and Elsevier.(e) A. J. van der Molen receives consultancy fees from Guerbet as a member of the Expert Group for Gadopiclenol in The Netherlands. He is a member of the ESUR-CMSC whose 2-yearly meetings have received support from Bayer Healthcare, Bracco Imaging, GE HealthCare, and Guerbet.(f) Carlo Cosimo Quattrocchi has signed speaker contracts with Bayer Healthcare, Bracco Imaging, and Guerbet. He is co-chair of the ESMRMB-GREC Working Group whose yearly meetings have received unconditional support from Bayer Healthcare, Bracco Imaging, GE HealthCare, and Guerbet. He is a member of the ESUR-CMSC whose 2-yearly meetings have received support from Bayer Healthcare, Bracco Imaging, GE HealthCare, and Guerbet.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors have significant statistical expertise. No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was not required for this study because this is a review article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was not required because this is a review article.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No study subject or cohort overlap reported.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohort overlap"}},{"value":"\u2022 Multicentre study","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}