{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:37:53Z","timestamp":1791981473497,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82001439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515011910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10220-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T18:01:49Z","timestamp":1694023309000},"page":"1444-1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Assessment of the glymphatic function in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Yingqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengsha","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meina","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10220_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","volume":"387","author":"A Thapar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thapar A, Cooper M (2016) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 387:1240\u20131250","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10220_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","volume":"135","author":"R Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, Beller E, Glasziou P (2015) Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 135:e994-1001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10220_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","volume":"523","author":"A Louveau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ et al (2015) Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523:337\u2013341","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10220_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30318-1","volume":"17","author":"MK Rasmussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasmussen MK, Mestre H, Nedergaard M (2018) The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 17:1016\u20131024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10220_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogensen FL, Delle C, Nedergaard M (2021) The glymphatic system (En) during inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 22:7491","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147491"},{"key":"10220_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-018-9256-7","volume":"10","author":"MD Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen MD (2018) Cerebrospinal fluid and the early brain development of autism. J Neurodev Disord 10:39","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"10220_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716664408","volume":"23","author":"N Vilor-Tejedor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilor-Tejedor N, Alemany S, Forns J et al (2019) Assessment of susceptibility risk factors for ADHD in imaging genetic studies. J Atten Disord 23:671\u2013681","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10220_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011046","volume":"96","author":"EC Gertje","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gertje EC, van Westen D, Panizo C, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Hansson O (2021) Association of enlarged perivascular spaces and measures of small vessel and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 96:e193\u2013e202","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10220_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.595647","volume":"12","author":"MSA Salimeen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salimeen MSA, Liu C, Li X et al (2021) Exploring variances of white matter integrity and the glymphatic system in simple febrile seizures and epilepsy. Front Neurol 12:595647","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10220_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0617-z","volume":"35","author":"T Taoka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taoka T, Masutani Y, Kawai H et al (2017) Evaluation of glymphatic system activity with the diffusion MR technique: diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases. Jpn J Radiol 35:172\u2013178","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"10220_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034509","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4034509","volume":"2021","author":"HL Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen HL, Chen PC, Lu CH et al (2021) Associations among cognitive functions, plasma DNA, and diffusion tensor image along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021:4034509","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10220_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00300","volume":"14","author":"G Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang G, Deng N, Liu Y, Gu Y, Yao X (2020) Evaluation of glymphatic system using diffusion MR technique in T2DM cases. Front Hum Neurosci 14:300","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10220_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5675014","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5675014","volume":"2019","author":"H Yokota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yokota H, Vijayasarathi A, Cekic M et al (2019) Diagnostic performance of glymphatic system evaluation using diffusion tensor imaging in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and mimickers. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2019:5675014","journal-title":"Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res"},{"key":"10220_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.09.010","volume":"257","author":"X Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang X, Valdes Hernandez Mdel C, Doubal F et al (2016) Development and initial evaluation of a semi-automatic approach to assess perivascular spaces on conventional magnetic resonance images. J Neurosci Methods 257:34\u201344","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10220_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19781-5","volume":"8","author":"L Ballerini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ballerini L, Lovreglio R, Valdes Hernandez MDC et al (2018) Perivascular spaces segmentation in brain MRI using optimal 3D filtering. Sci Rep 8:2132","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10220_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.09.001","volume":"256","author":"K Cai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cai K, Tain R, Das S et al (2015) The feasibility of quantitative MRI of perivascular spaces at 7T. J Neurosci Methods 256:151\u2013156","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10220_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischl B (2012) FreeSurfer. Neuroimage 62:774-781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"10220_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00042","volume":"7","author":"Z Cui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cui Z, Zhong S, Xu P, He Y, Gong G (2013) PANDA: a pipeline toolbox for analyzing brain diffusion images. Front Hum Neurosci 7:42","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10220_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab454","volume":"145","author":"A Carotenuto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carotenuto A, Cacciaguerra L, Pagani E, Preziosa P, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2022) Glymphatic system impairment in multiple sclerosis: relation with brain damage and disability. Brain 145:2785\u20132795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab454","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10220_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol) 57:289\u2013300","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol)"},{"key":"10220_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-051217-111018","volume":"13","author":"BA Plog","year":"2018","unstructured":"Plog BA, Nedergaard M (2018) The glymphatic system in central nervous system health and disease: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Pathol 13:379\u2013394","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"10220_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.009","volume":"82","author":"YJ Bae","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bae YJ, Choi BS, Kim JM, Choi JH, Cho SJ, Kim JH (2021) Altered glymphatic system in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 82:56\u201360","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10220_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8739","volume":"370","author":"M Nedergaard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nedergaard M, Goldman SA (2020) Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia. Science 370:50\u201356","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10220_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000490349","volume":"65","author":"H Benveniste","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benveniste H, Liu X, Koundal S, Sanggaard S, Lee H, Wardlaw J (2019) The glymphatic system and waste clearance with brain aging: a review. Gerontology 65:106\u2013119","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10220_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026","volume":"57","author":"G Tripp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tripp G, Wickens JR (2009) Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology 57:579\u2013589","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10220_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","volume":"40","author":"NA Jessen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jessen NA, Munk AS, Lundgaard I, Nedergaard M (2015) The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide. Neurochem Res 40:2583\u20132599","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10220_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2018_95","volume":"253","author":"JP Wisor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wisor JP (2019) Dopamine and wakefulness: pharmacology, genetics, and circuitry. Handb Exp Pharmacol 253:321\u2013335","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"10220_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0860-0","volume":"19","author":"D Wynchank","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wynchank D, Bijlenga D, Beekman AT, Kooij JJS, Penninx BW (2017) Adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and insomnia: an update of the literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19:98","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10220_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.043","volume":"261","author":"M Strauss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strauss M, Ulke C, Paucke M et al (2018) Brain arousal regulation in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatry Res 261:102\u2013108","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10220_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.05.005","volume":"182","author":"GA Dunn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dunn GA, Nigg JT, Sullivan EL (2019) Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 182:22\u201334","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10220_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.024","volume":"81","author":"JT Instanes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Instanes JT, Halmoy A, Engeland A, Haavik J, Furu K, Klungsoyr K (2017) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in offspring of mothers with inflammatory and immune system diseases. Biol Psychiatry 81:452\u2013459","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10220_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122501","volume":"10","author":"T Zayats","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zayats T, Athanasiu L, Sonderby I et al (2015) Genome-wide analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Norway. PLoS ONE 10:e0122501","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10220_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","volume":"541","author":"SA Liddelow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE et al (2017) Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 541:481\u2013487","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1000\u20131016","key":"10220_CR34","volume":"184","author":"J Rustenhoven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T et al (2021) Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 184(1000\u20131016):e1027","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10220_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2020-0122","volume":"21","author":"S Naganawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naganawa S, Taoka T (2022) The glymphatic system: a review of the challenges in visualizing its structure and function with MR imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 21:182\u2013194","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10220-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10220-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10220-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]],"date-time":"2024-10-27T12:16:09Z","timestamp":1730031369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10220-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10220-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Zhiyun Yang.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"One of the authors (Long Pian) is an employee of GE Healthcare.The other authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects\u2019 parents in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (No. [2019]328).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"value":"\u2022 Prospective\u2022 Cross-sectional study\u2022 Performed at one institution","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}