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This study aims to assess long-term sex-specific changes in arterial calcifications in five arteries, and the influence of cardiovascular risk factors hereon.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From a population-based cohort, 807 participants (mean baseline age, 65.8; SD, 4.2) underwent a non-contrast computed tomography (CT) examination between 2003 and 2006, and after a median follow-up of 14\u00a0years. We assessed incidences and changes in volumes of coronary artery calcification (CAC), aortic arch calcification (AAC), extracranial (ECAC) and intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC), and vertebrobasilar artery calcification (VBAC). We investigated the simultaneous presence of severe progression (upper quartile of percentual change volumes). Associations of cardiovascular risk factors with changes in calcification volumes were assessed using multivariate linear regression models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The difference in AAC was most substantial; the median volume (mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) increased from of 129 to 916 in men and from 93 to 839 in women. For VBAC, no change in volumes was observed though more than a quarter of participants without baseline VBAC developed VBAC during follow-up. Severe progression was most often observed in only one artery at the same time. Hypertension was most consistently associated with increase in calcifications. Associations of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking with changes in calcifications varied across arteries and sex.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found a considerable incidence and increase in volumes of calcifications in different arteries, over a 14-year time interval. Cardiovascular risk factors were associated with increase of calcifications with sex-specific differential effects across arteries.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is a considerable incidence and increase in volumes of calcifications in different arteries, over a 14-year time interval. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with increase of calcifications with sex-specific differential effects across arteries; thus, assessing changes in only one artery may thus not provide a good reflection of the systemic development of arteriosclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>\u2022 Assessing change in arterial calcification in only one artery does not reflect the systemic development of arterial calcification.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>\u2022 Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with progression of arterial calcifications.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>\u2022 Progression of arterial calcification is sex and artery-specific.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10566-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T10:02:11Z","timestamp":1705312931000},"page":"5142-5152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Progression of arterial calcifications: what, where, and in whom?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Janine E.","family":"van der Toorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meike W.","family":"Vernooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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Based on the cohort, several studies have been published covering different research questions.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"value":"\u2022 prospective\u2022 observational\u2022 multicentre study","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}