{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:56:58Z","timestamp":1772798218795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To study the relationship between the ablation range and applied energy of laser ablation (LA) and microwave ablation (MWA) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 201 PTMC patients were treated with LA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009102) or MWA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200999) with single-applicator fixed ablation. The ablation range was determined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The ratios of ablation volume, longitudinal diameter, and orthogonal diameter to ablation energy (R<jats:sub>AV\/E<\/jats:sub>, R<jats:sub>AL\/E<\/jats:sub>, R<jats:sub>AO\/E<\/jats:sub>) were analyzed and compared between MWA and LA. The effects of PTMC characteristics and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) on ablation efficiency were evaluated by linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The R<jats:sub>AV\/E<\/jats:sub> was 0.72 (0.65\u20130.84) mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/J for MWA and 0.48 (0.39\u20130.54) mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/J for LA. HT was significantly correlated with R<jats:sub>AV\/E<\/jats:sub> of LA (coefficient\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.367, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). R<jats:sub>AL\/E<\/jats:sub> did not differ significantly between MWA and LA (MWA 0.026\u00a0mm\/J, LA 0.025\u00a0mm\/J; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.957). However, MWA had a greater R<jats:sub>AO\/E<\/jats:sub> than LA (MWA 0.014\u00a0mm\/J, LA 0.012\u00a0mm\/J; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The plateau values of MWA and LA on the ablation orthogonal diameter were 10.7\u00a0mm and 8.69\u00a0mm, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MWA showed a higher R<jats:sub>AV\/E<\/jats:sub> than LA. More intuitively, MWA had a better ablation performance than LA on the orthogonal axis rather than the longitudinal axis. Theoretically, MWA and LA could achieve complete ablation of\u2009\u2264\u20096.70\u00a0mm and\u2009\u2264\u20094.69\u00a0mm PTMC separately by single-applicator fixed ablation considering a unilateral 2-mm safe margin. HT had a negative effect on LA but not on MWA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study establishes strong connections between ablation energy and ablation range in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) in vivo, possibly contributing to the supplementation of the PTMC Ablation Consensus or Guidelines and providing a scientific basis for choosing clinical ablation parameters in PTMC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>Both microwave ablation (MWA) and laser ablation (LA) have excellent performance on the ablation longitudinal axis (easily exceeding 10\u00a0mm) for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC)<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>MWA performed much better than LA on the ablation orthogonal axis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 <jats:italic>MWA and LA are expected to achieve complete ablation of<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:italic>6.70\u00a0mm and<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:italic>4.69\u00a0mm PTMC separately by single-applicator fixed ablation considering a unilateral 2-mm safe margin<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10636-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1707534142000},"page":"6072-6081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The relationship between ablation range and ablation energy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a comparison between microwave ablation and laser ablation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wengang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1121-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL et al (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71:209\u2013249","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10636_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30201","volume":"122","author":"CC Lubitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lubitz CC, Sosa JA (2016) The changing landscape of papillary thyroid cancer: epidemiology, management, and the implications for patients. Cancer 122:3754\u20133759","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0227","volume":"28","author":"A Miyauchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Oda H (2018) Insights into the management of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 28:23\u201331","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","volume":"26","author":"BR Haugen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC et al (2016) 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 26:1\u2013133","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10636_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0263","volume":"28","author":"H-S Oh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oh H-S, Ha J, Kim HI et al (2018) Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a multi-center cohort study in Korea. Thyroid 28:1587\u20131594","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2018.3870","volume":"145","author":"B Nickel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nickel B, Tan T, Cvejic E et al (2019) Health-related quality of life after diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer and association with type of surgical treatment. JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 145:231\u2013238","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000516469","volume":"10","author":"G Mauri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mauri G, Heged\u00fcs L, Bandula S et al (2021) European thyroid association and cardiovascular and interventional radiological society of Europe 2021 clinical practice guideline for the use of minimally invasive treatments in malignant thyroid lesions. Eur Thyroid J 10:185\u2013197","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"10636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26960","volume":"44","author":"LA Orloff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orloff LA, Noel JE, Stack BC Jr et al (2022) Radiofrequency ablation and related ultrasound-guided ablation technologies for treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease: an international multidisciplinary consensus statement of the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section with the Asia Pacific Society of Thyroid Surgery, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons, European Thyroid Association, Italian Society of Endocrine Surgery Units, Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology, Latin American Thyroid Society, and Thyroid Nodules Therapies Association. Head Neck 44:633\u2013660","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0707","volume":"30","author":"Y Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi Y, Jung S-L (2020) Efficacy and safety of thermal ablation techniques for the treatment of primary papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 30:720\u2013731","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10113-4","author":"L Scappaticcio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scappaticcio L, Bellastella G (2023) Dynamic risk stratification system provides a new paradigm to properly manage low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma treated with radiofrequency ablation. Eur Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-023-10113-4","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10636_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021202735","volume":"300","author":"X-J Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao X-J, Wang S-R, Che Y et al (2021) Efficacy and safety of thermal ablation for treatment of solitary T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma: multicenter retrospective study. Radiology 300:209\u2013216","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10636_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0151","volume":"31","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Chung SM, Kim H et al (2021) Long-term efficacy of ultrasound-guided laser ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: results of a 10-year retrospective study. Thyroid 31:1723\u20131729","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10636_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000506513","volume":"9","author":"L Hegedus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hegedus L, Frasoldati A, Negro R, Papini E (2020) European Thyroid Association survey on use of minimally invasive techniques for thyroid nodules. Eur Thyroid J 9:194\u2013204","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"10636_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-021-02915-0","volume":"44","author":"F Ridouani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ridouani F, Tuttle RM, Ghosn M et al (2021) Ultrasound-guided percutaneous laser ablation of the thyroid gland in a swine model: comparison of ablation parameters and ablation zone dimensions. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 44:1798\u20131806","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1960434","volume":"38","author":"HY He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He HY, Zhang Y, Song Q et al (2021) Nomogram prediction for the involution of the ablation zone after radiofrequency ablation treatment in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Hyperth 38:1133\u20131139","journal-title":"Int J Hyperth"},{"key":"10636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4508-y","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhou P, Tian SM, Zhao YF, Li JL, Li L (2017) Usefulness of combined use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and TI-RADS classification for the differentiation of benign from malignant lesions of thyroid nodules. Eur Radiol 27:1527\u20131536","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10636_CR17","unstructured":"Schwan HP, Piersol GM (1954) The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues. A review and critical analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehab 33:371-404"},{"key":"10636_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2022.2122596","volume":"39","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhou W, Zhou JQ et al (2022) 2022 Expert consensus on the use of laser ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Int J Hyperth 39:1254\u20131263","journal-title":"Int J Hyperth"},{"key":"10636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0147","volume":"30","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang M, Tufano RP, Russell JO et al (2020) Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation versus surgery for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: results of over 5 years\u2019 follow-Up. Thyroid 30:408\u2013417","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0100","volume":"31","author":"L Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan L, Zhang MB, Song Q, Luo YK (2021) Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation versus thyroid lobectomy for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a propensity-matched cohort study of 884 patients. Thyroid 31:1662\u20131672","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10636_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5266-1","volume":"28","author":"WJ Heerink","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heerink WJ, Solouki AM, Vliegenthart R et al (2018) The relationship between applied energy and ablation zone volume in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastasis. Eur Radiol 28:3228\u20133236","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4942980","volume":"43","author":"G Deshazer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deshazer G, Merck D, Hagmann M, Dupuy DE, Prakash P (2016) Physical modeling of microwave ablation zone clinical margin variance. Med Phys 43:1764","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10636_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.007","volume":"13","author":"P Caturegli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caturegli P, De Remigis A, Rose NR (2014) Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria. Autoimmun Rev 13:391\u2013397","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10636_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2022.2041736","volume":"39","author":"L Lai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lai L, Liu Z, Zhang J et al (2022) Effect of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis on the extent of the ablation zone in early stages of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a large cohort study of 772 patients. Int J Hyperth 39:397\u2013404","journal-title":"Int J Hyperth"},{"key":"10636_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.370","volume":"23","author":"KS Lehmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lehmann KS, Poch FGM, Rieder C et al (2016) Minimal vascular flows cause strong heat sink effects in hepatic radiofrequency ablation ex vivo. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 23:508\u2013516","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"key":"10636_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i25.2578","volume":"7","author":"G Poggi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poggi G, Tosoratti N, Montagna B, Picchi C (2015) Microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 7:2578\u20132589","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10636_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23238","volume":"52","author":"W Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou W, Ni X, Xu S, Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhan W (2020) Ultrasound-guided laser ablation versus microwave ablation for patients with unifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective study. Lasers Surg Med 52:855\u2013862","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-024-10636-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-024-10636-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-024-10636-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T12:08:28Z","timestamp":1725019708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-024-10636-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-024-10636-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Ping Zhou.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"One of the authors has significant statistical expertise.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"The requirement of written informed consent was waived for the data evaluation. Full written informed consent was obtained from all the patients for the treatment.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No overlap.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"value":"\u2022 retrospective\u2022 observational\u2022 performed at one institution","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}