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To use these statistics to identify which individual target lesions show early biological response.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A single-centre, prospective DCE-MRI study was performed between September 2015 and April 2017. Patients with NSCLC were scanned before standard-of-care radiotherapy to evaluate biomarker repeatability and two weeks into therapy to evaluate biological response. Volume transfer constant (<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup>), extravascular extracellular space volume fraction (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>) and plasma volume fraction (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>) were measured at each timepoint along with tumour volume. Repeatability was assessed using a within-subject coefficient of variation (wCV) and repeatability coefficient (RC). Cohort treatment effects on biomarkers were estimated using mixed-effects models. RC limits of agreement revealed which individual target lesions changed beyond that expected with biomarker daily variation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Fourteen patients (mean age, 67 years +\/\u2212 12, 8 men) had 22 evaluable lesions (12 primary tumours, 8 nodal metastases, 2 distant metastases). The wCV (in 8\/14 patients) was between 9.16% to 17.02% for all biomarkers except for <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>, which was 42.44%. Cohort-level changes were significant for <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and tumour volume (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> and tumour volume consistently showed the greatest number of individual lesions showing biological response. In distinction, no individual lesions had a real change in <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub> despite the cohort-level change.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Identifying individual early biological responders provided additional information to that derived from conventional cohort cohort-level statistics, helping to prioritise which parameters would be best taken forward into future studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Clinical relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> and tumour volume are repeatable and detect early treatment-induced changes at both cohort and individual lesion levels, supporting their use in further evaluation of radiotherapy and targeted therapeutics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Few literature studies report quantitative imaging biomarker precision, by measuring repeatability or reproducibility<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Several DCE-MRI biomarkers of lung cancer tumour microenvironment were highly repeatable<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Repeatability coefficient measurements enabled lesion-specific evaluation of early biological response to therapy, improving conventional assessment<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10970-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T17:02:29Z","timestamp":1723222949000},"page":"664-673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Measuring repeatability of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI biomarkers improves evaluation of biological response to radiotherapy in lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0956-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nivetha","family":"Sridharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross A.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maira","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Dubec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Faivre-Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey J. 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The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"One of the authors has significant statistical expertise (Nuria Porta).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Subjects were included in a separate study () but the data reported here are entirely independent and do not overlap.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}