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A total of 39 cases proceeded to surgery during the study period, either due to lesion growth (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200928) or patient preference\/recommendation by the referring urologist (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200911). For the lesions that were growing, specific growth rate (SGR) and doubling time (DT) were calculated assuming an exponential growth pattern. In addition, the velocity of increase of the average diameter (\u2206D\n av<\/jats:sub>\n ) and of the maximum diameter (\u2206D\n max<\/jats:sub>\n ) were calculated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 130 nodules that were initially followed up, six disappeared, eight were reduced in size, eighty-eight were stable, and twenty-eight increased in size. For operated nodules all 18 malignant tumours, 8\/9 benign tumours, and 2\/12 surgically proved non-neoplastic lesions were growing. The best cut-off values of the growth indicators to differentiate between malignant and non-malignant histology were 3.47\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n %volume\/day, \u2264\u2009179 days, >\u200910\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22123\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n mm\/day, and >\u20095\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22123\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n mm\/day for SGR, DT, \u2206D\n max<\/jats:sub>\n , \u2206D\n av<\/jats:sub>\n , respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Malignant and non-malignant small incidentalomas can be effectively differentiated based on growing parameters, even though overlap exists. An increase of the maximum diameter of about 1\u2009mm and 2\u2009mm in three months and in six months, respectively, suggests malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n Growing parameters allow an educated assessment of benign and malignant small testicular incidentalomas. Non-aggressive management is justified and safe when follow-up includes self-examination and tumour marker assessment to reduce the risk of interval tumour growth.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key Points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Small, non-palpable and asymptomatic testicular nodules <<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\n 1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\n cm are unexpectedly discovered during scrotal ultrasound<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Growth indicators estimate the potential malignancy, even though overlap with non-malignant lesions exists<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Non-growing incidentalomas can be safely followed up<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10981-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T14:32:12Z","timestamp":1722349932000},"page":"742-751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Follow-up of non-palpable testicular incidentalomas under 1\u2009cm: does growth rate differentiate malignant and non-malignant lesions?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5583-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Bertolotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean Y.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Rocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Dell\u2019Atti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Valentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Pavlica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo E.","family":"Derchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10981_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bertolotto M, Campo I, Pavan N et al (2023) What is the malignant potential of small (<\u20092\u2009cm), nonpalpable testicular incidentalomas in adults? 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