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Benign lesions included hepatic hemangioma, whereas malignant lesions included hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic liver cancer, and intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma. Patients were divided into derivation and validation groups. In the derivation group, two radiologists calculated ten multiparametric data using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to generate PMs. In the validation group, two additional radiologists measured the parameters to assess the diagnostic performance of PMs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study included 121 consecutive patients (mean age 67.4\u2009\u00b1\u200913.8 years, 80 males), with 97 in the derivation group (25 benign and 72 malignant) and 24 in the validation group (7 benign and 17 malignant). Oversampling increased the benign lesion sample to 75, equalizing the malignant group for building PMs. All parameters were statistically significant in univariate analysis (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), leading to the creation of five PMs in multivariate analysis. The area under the curve for the five PMs of two observers was as follows: PM1 (slope <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>, blood)\u2009=\u20090.76, 0.74; PM2 (slope <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>, fat)\u2009=\u20090.55, 0.51; PM3 (effective-<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic> difference, blood)\u2009=\u20090.75, 0.72; PM4 (slope <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>, blood, fat)\u2009=\u20090.82, 0.78; and PM5 (slope <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>, effective-<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic> difference, blood)\u2009=\u20090.90, 0.87. PM5 yielded the best diagnostic performance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Multiparametric non-contrast-enhanced DECT is a highly effective method for distinguishing between liver lesions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Clinical relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The utilization of non-contrast-enhanced DECT is extremely useful for distinguishing between benign and malignant liver lesions. This approach enables physicians to plan better treatment strategies, alleviating concerns associated with contrast allergy, contrast-induced nephropathy, radiation exposure, and excessive medical expenses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Distinguishing benign from malignant liver lesions with non-contrast-enhanced CT would be desirable<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>This model, incorporating slope K, effective Z, and blood quantification, distinguished benign from malignant liver lesions<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Non-contrast-enhanced DECT has benefits, particularly in patients with an iodine allergy, renal failure, or asthma<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11024-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T11:02:26Z","timestamp":1724670146000},"page":"1361-1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prediction models for differentiating benign from malignant liver lesions based on multiparametric dual-energy non-contrast CT"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3902-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Tsuboyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Nakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Tatsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Tomiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"11024_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2421051006","volume":"242","author":"PN Burns","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burns PN, Wilson SR (2007) Focal liver masses: enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced images-concordance of US scans with CT scans and MR images. 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