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The aims of the study are (1) to describe the temporal development of different imaging features of subdural collections (SDCs), and (2) to provide novel age-diagnostic reference data for forensic-radiological expert reports.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using a multi-center approach and a 10-year study period, serial neuroimaging studies of 13 comprehensively investigated AHT cases (8 CT and 26 MRI scans) were analyzed regarding several subdural imaging parameters (SDC appearances, entities, components, and associated findings). Due to confessions by perpetrators, the time points of the trauma were presumed unique and known in all cases facilitating correlation of imaging findings with time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Hyperdense SDCs in CT were found up to 9 d post-injury (p.i.), CSF-like SDCs in CT or MRI as early as from the 3rd hour p.i., and subdural membrane formation as late as from day 283. The heterogeneous variant of the subdural hematohygroma was observed to be the dominant SDC entity between 3\u2009h and 22 d p.i. The tadpole sign was detected in MRI between 3\u2009h and 46 d p.i.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Certain subdural imaging findings may be helpful for estimating the age of injury in AHT. Subdural membrane formation is demonstrated to be a late finding and the tadpole sign is an early phenomenon p.i. The data corroborated that the sediment but not the supernatant has the potential for being valuable for age-diagnostic aspects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Question<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Reliable evidence-based data on the development of SDCs is sparse but required for expert opinions on pediatric AHT<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Findings<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Reference data on the evolution of the imaging appearance of SDCs and associated phenomena in confirmed cases of AHT are provided<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>As there is a great need for estimating the age of injury in criminal and civil proceedings, many clinical radiologists are confronted with the diagnostic and forensic aspects of AHT that are addressed in the present study<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11144-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T14:02:42Z","timestamp":1730124162000},"page":"2543-2555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Temporal development of subdural collections in infants with confessed abusive head trauma: a forensic neuroimaging study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7990-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Hahnemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Radbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Mentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wittschieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"11144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806183382507","volume":"338","author":"AC Duhaime","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duhaime AC, Christian CW, Rorke LB, Zimmerman RA (1998) Nonaccidental head injury in infants\u2014the \u201cshaken-baby syndrome\u201d. 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In addition, the study has been approved and supported by the Ministry of Justice of the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Attorney General\u2019s Office (file number: 1410 E-II. 75\/17).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Some study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in Feld et al ([]; ), by Feld et al ([]; ), \u201cViolence against children by means of shaken baby syndrome: criminal-sociological studies on the socio-economic state of suspects who made a confession\u201c by Hahnemann et al ([]; ), and by Hahnemann et al ([]; ).","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}