{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:43:52Z","timestamp":1792190632267,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11422-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T19:37:38Z","timestamp":1739389058000},"page":"4610-4620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A multicenter diagnostic study of thyroid nodule with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis enabled by Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis nodule-artificial intelligence model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengxing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benlong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenke","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingshun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"11422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0635","volume":"27","author":"S Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu S, Rayman MP (2017) Multiple nutritional factors and the risk of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Thyroid 27:597\u2013610","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"11422_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102649","volume":"19","author":"M Ralli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ralli M, Angeletti D, Fiore M et al (2020) Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: an update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation. Autoimmun Rev 19:102649","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"11422_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Wartofsky L (2022) Hashimoto thyroiditis: an evidence-based guide to etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pol Arch Intern Med 132:16222","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16222"},{"key":"11422_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S398601","volume":"16","author":"T Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao T, Xu S, Zhang X, Xu C (2023) Comparison of various ultrasound-based malignant risk stratification systems on an occasion for assessing thyroid nodules in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Int J Gen Med 16:599\u2013608","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"11422_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-018-9474-z","volume":"19","author":"R Vita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vita R, Ieni A, Tuccari G, Benvenga S (2018) The increasing prevalence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in papillary microcarcinoma. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 19:301\u2013309","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"11422_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.08.012","volume":"84","author":"B Uhliarova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uhliarova B, Hajtman A (2018) Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis\u2014an independent risk factor for papillary carcinoma. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 84:729\u2013735","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"11422_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2013.05.021","volume":"68","author":"H Thahal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thahal H, Rodrigues J, John-Luke C (2013) Relating the appearances of thyroiditis on high resolution ultrasound to the natural history of the condition. Clin Radiol 68:S4","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"11422_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.2459","volume":"195","author":"L Anderson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderson L, Middleton WD, Teefey SA et al (2010) Hashimoto thyroiditis: part 1, sonographic analysis of the nodular form of Hashimoto thyroiditis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:208\u2013215","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"11422_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106821","volume":"220","author":"Y Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song Y, Ren S, Lu Y, Fu X, Wong KKL (2022) Deep learning-based automatic segmentation of images in cardiac radiography: a promising challenge. Comput Methods Program Biomed 220:106821","journal-title":"Comput Methods Program Biomed"},{"key":"11422_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105620","volume":"147","author":"S Gul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gul S, Khan MS, Bibi A, Khandakar A, Ayari MA, Chowdhury MEH (2022) Deep learning techniques for liver and liver tumor segmentation: a review. Comput Biol Med 147:105620","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"11422_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221157","volume":"307","author":"W Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu W, Jia X, Mei Z et al (2023) Generalizability and diagnostic performance of AI models for thyroid US. Radiology 307:e221157","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"11422_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102443","volume":"79","author":"Q Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang Q, Lao Q, Li Y et al (2022) Thyroid nodule segmentation and classification in ultrasound images through intra- and inter-task consistent learning. Med Image Anal 79:102443","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"11422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105906","volume":"199","author":"C Chu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chu C, Zheng J, Zhou Y (2021) Ultrasonic thyroid nodule detection method based on U-Net network. Comput Methods Program Biomed 199:105906","journal-title":"Comput Methods Program Biomed"},{"key":"11422_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00041-8","volume":"3","author":"S Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng S, Liu Y, Lv W et al (2021) Deep learning-based artificial intelligence model to assist thyroid nodule diagnosis and management: a multicentre diagnostic study. Lancet Digit Health 3:e250\u2013e259","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"11422_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106265","volume":"208","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Liu X, Zhao J et al (2021) Computer auxiliary diagnosis technique of detecting cholangiocarcinoma based on medical imaging: a review. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 208:106265","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"11422_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wang X, Wang T, Qiu J, Lu W (2024) Localization and risk stratification of thyroid nodules in ultrasound images through deep learning. Ultrasound Med Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.02.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.02.013"},{"key":"11422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108137","volume":"171","author":"V Manh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manh V, Jia X, Xue W et al (2024) An efficient framework for lesion segmentation in ultrasound images using global adversarial learning and region-invariant loss. Comput Biol Med 171:108137","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"11422_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00139-5","volume":"10","author":"EK Alexander","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexander EK, Doherty GM, Barletta JA (2022) Management of thyroid nodules. Lancet Diab Endocrinol 10:540\u2013548","journal-title":"Lancet Diab Endocrinol"},{"key":"11422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10269-z","volume":"34","author":"C Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen C, Jiang Y, Yao J et al (2024) Deep learning to assist composition classification and thyroid solid nodule diagnosis: a multicenter diagnostic study. Eur Radiol 34:2323\u20132333","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"11422_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11456-3","volume":"23","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen C, Liu Y, Yao J et al (2023) Deep learning approaches for differentiating thyroid nodules with calcification: a two-center study. BMC Cancer 23:1139","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"11422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30762-9","volume":"20","author":"X Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li X, Zhang S, Zhang Q et al (2019) Diagnosis of thyroid cancer using deep convolutional neural network models applied to sonographic images: a retrospective, multicohort, diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol 20:193\u2013201","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"11422_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.111033","volume":"167","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Chen C, Wang K et al (2023) The auxiliary diagnosis of thyroid echogenic foci based on a deep learning segmentation model: a two-center study. Eur J Radiol 167:111033","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"11422_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.614172","volume":"11","author":"Y Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou Y, Chen C, Zhang L et al (2021) Using deep neural network to diagnose thyroid nodules on ultrasound in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Front Oncol 11:614172","journal-title":"Front Oncol"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11422-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11422-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11422-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T12:16:21Z","timestamp":1751544981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11422-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["11422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11422-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dong Xu.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This multicenter study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. For the retrospectively collected static ultrasound images, waivers of informed consent were applied to all cases (IRB-2020-287). Patients recruited prospectively provided written informed consent prior to the collection of dynamic ultrasound videos (IRB-2021-1033).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The study subjects or cohorts have not been previously reported.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}