{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:48:51Z","timestamp":1792259331197,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Impaired cognition is a frequent complication of prematurity, closely related to patients\u2019 outcomes. Imaging features of cerebellar hemorrhages (CBH) related to impaired cognition are not well studied. This study evaluated the relationship between cMRI-derived CBH characteristics and clinical risk factors for adverse cognition.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our analysis is threefold: (1) We included very preterm infants (2009\u20132018) undergoing cMRI, and compared clinical and cMRI findings between infants with and without CBH. (2) In the CBH cohort, we associated clinical and imaging findings with cognitive outcomes (Bayley Score of Infant Development at two years corrected age, impaired outcomes: &lt; 85) using uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses. (3) We conducted a matched pair case-control analysis (CBH vs. no CBH) matching for gestational age (GA) and supratentorial injury.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among the 507 infants (52% male; mean GA 26.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7 weeks), 53 (10.5%) presented with CBH. Cognition was impaired in those with CBH (case-control: 88 (IQR: 75\u2013110) vs. 105 (IQR: 90\u2013112), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), even in those with CBH\u2009&lt;\u20095\u2009mm (case-control: 95 (IQR: 77.5\u2013115) vs. 105 (IQR: 91\u2013113), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037). In infants with CBH, red-blood-cell-transfusion requirement (odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.72, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037), dentate nucleus involvement (OR 17.61, 95% CI: 1.83\u2013169.83, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) and moderate-to-severe cerebellar hypoplasia (OR 26.41, 95% CI: 1.11\u2013626.21, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043) were independent predictors of impaired cognition. Adding dentate nucleus involvement to cerebellar hypoplasia increased the discriminatory capacity (AUC 0.85 vs. 0.71, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>CBH (even &lt; 5\u2009mm) impact cognitive outcomes of very preterm infants, underlining the cerebellum\u2019s importance for cognition. In infants with CBH, involvement of the dentate nucleus and moderate-to-severe cerebellar hypoplasia are independent structural risk factors for impaired cognition.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Question<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>The cerebellum is important for cognition. Cerebellar hemorrhages are common in preterm infants, but the imaging features related to impaired cognition are not well studied.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Findings<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Even small cerebellar hemorrhages affected cognition. Involvement of the dentate nucleus and moderate-to-severe cerebellar hypoplasia were identified as new structural risk factors for adverse cognition.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Cerebral MRI enables precise diagnosis of cerebellar hemorrhages and the detection of structural risk factors for adverse cognition like dentate nucleus involvement and cerebellar moderate-to-severe hypoplasia. This knowledge facilitates risk estimation, structured follow-up, and interventions after prematurity.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11452-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T03:09:26Z","timestamp":1740020966000},"page":"4747-4758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cerebellar hemorrhages in very preterm infants: presence, involvement of the dentate nucleus, and cerebellar hypoplasia are associated with adverse cognitive outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Karla","family":"Drommelschmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mayrhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borek","family":"Foldyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janika","family":"Raudzus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia L.","family":"G\u00f6ricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4555-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Sirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"11452_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.062554","volume":"88","author":"S Beck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L et al (2010) The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. 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