{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T09:07:39Z","timestamp":1773392859382,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11523-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T08:41:14Z","timestamp":1742719274000},"page":"5514-5524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Automated abdominal CT imaging biomarkers and clinical frailty measures associated with postoperative deceased-donor liver transplant outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Zea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kuchnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald M.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Mezrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perry J.","family":"Pickhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"11523_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13154","volume":"14","author":"M Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu M, Li H, Yin Y et al (2023) U-shaped relationship between subcutaneous adipose tissue index and mortality in liver cirrhosis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14:508\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13154","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"11523_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E192","DOI":"10.1016\/s2589-7500(20)30025-x","volume":"2","author":"PJ Pickhardt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pickhardt PJ, Graffy PM, Zea R et al (2020) Automated CT biomarkers for opportunistic prediction of future cardiovascular events and mortality in an asymptomatic screening population: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Digit Health 2:E192\u2013E200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2589-7500(20)30025-x","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"11523_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00037.2021","volume":"103","author":"JA Taylor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taylor JA, Greenhaff PL, Bartlett DB, Jackson TA, Duggal NA, Lord JM (2023) Multisystem physiological perspective of human frailty and its modulation by physical activity. Physiol Rev 103:1137\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00037.2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"11523_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.211561","volume":"303","author":"PJ Pickhardt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pickhardt PJ (2022) Value-added opportunistic CT screening: state of the art. Radiology 303:241\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.211561","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"11523_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30828","volume":"70","author":"EJ Carey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carey EJ, Lai JC, Sonnenday C et al (2019) A North American expert opinion statement on sarcopenia in liver transplantation. Hepatology 70:1816\u20131829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30828","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"11523_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2020.08.004","volume":"25","author":"Y Saiman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saiman Y, Serper M (2021) Frailty and sarcopenia in patients pre- and post-liver transplant. Clin Liver Dis 25:35\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2020.08.004","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"11523_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12095","volume":"8","author":"M Kalafateli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalafateli M, Mantzoukis K, Choi Yau Y et al (2017) Malnutrition and sarcopenia predict post-liver transplantation outcomes independently of the model for end-stage liver disease score. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 8:113\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12095","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"11523_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12669","volume":"12","author":"Z Czigany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Czigany Z, Kramp W, Lurje I et al (2021) The role of recipient myosteatosis in graft and patient survival after deceased donor liver transplantation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 12:358\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12669","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"11523_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e212403","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212403","volume":"306","author":"O Shafaat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shafaat O, Liu Y, Jackson KR et al (2023) Association between abdominal CT measurements of body composition before deceased donor liver transplant with posttransplant outcomes. Radiology 306:e212403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.212403","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"11523_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01302-8","volume":"13","author":"G Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan G, Li S, Liang P et al (2022) High visceral adipose tissue area is independently associated with early allograft dysfunction in liver transplantation recipients: a propensity score analysis. Insights Imaging 13:165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-022-01302-8","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"11523_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02321.x","volume":"21","author":"F Kanwal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanwal F, Dulai GS, Spiegel BM, Yee HF, Gralnek IM (2005) A comparison of liver transplantation outcomes in the pre- vs. post-MELD eras. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21:169\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02321.x","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"11523_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.003","volume":"76","author":"J Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge J, Kim WR, Lai JC, Kwong AJ (2022) \u201cBeyond MELD\u201d\u2014emerging strategies and technologies for improving mortality prediction, organ allocation and outcomes in liver transplantation. J Hepatol 76:1318\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"11523_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.050","volume":"161","author":"WR Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim WR, Mannalithara A, Heimbach JK et al (2021) MELD 3.0: the model for end-stage liver disease updated for the modern era. Gastroenterology 161:1887\u20131895.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.050","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"11523_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000733","volume":"25","author":"BL Kasiske","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kasiske BL, Pyke J, Snyder JJ (2020) Continuous distribution as an organ allocation framework. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 25:115\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000733","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"11523_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29219","volume":"66","author":"JC Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai JC, Covinsky KE, Dodge JL et al (2017) Development of a novel frailty index to predict mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 66:564\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29219","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"11523_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J et al (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M146\u2013M157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"11523_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200466","volume":"297","author":"PJ Pickhardt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pickhardt PJ, Graffy PM, Zea R et al (2020) Automated abdominal CT imaging biomarkers for opportunistic prediction of future major osteoporotic fractures in asymptomatic adults. Radiology 297:64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020200466","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"11523_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33349-y","volume":"13","author":"I Molwitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molwitz I, Recklies F, Stark M et al (2023) Muscle quality determined by computed tomography predicts short-term and long-term survival after liver transplantation. Sci Rep 13:7631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-33349-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11523_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.024","volume":"70","author":"M Merli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merli M, Berzigotti A, Zelber-Sagi S et al (2019) EASL clinical practice guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 70:172\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"11523_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02014-2","volume":"44","author":"PM Graffy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graffy PM, Liu J, O\u2019Connor S, Summers RM, Pickhardt PJ (2019) Automated segmentation and quantification of aortic calcification at abdominal CT: application of a deep learning-based algorithm to a longitudinal screening cohort. Abdom Radiol (NY) 44:2921\u20132929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02014-2","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"11523_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52737-x","volume":"9","author":"V Sandfort","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sandfort V, Yan K, Pickhardt PJ, Summers RM (2019) Data augmentation using generative adversarial networks (CycleGAN) to improve generalizability in CT segmentation tasks. Sci Rep 9:16884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52737-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"11523_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burns JE, Yao J, Chalhoub D, Chen JJ, Summers RM (2019) A machine learning algorithm to estimate sarcopenia on abdominal CT. Acad Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acra.2019.03.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2019.03.011"},{"key":"11523_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230014","DOI":"10.1259\/bjro.20230014","volume":"5","author":"D Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu D, Binkley NC, Perez A et al (2023) CT image-based biomarkers acquired by AI-based algorithms for the opportunistic prediction of falls. BJR Open 5:20230014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjro.20230014","journal-title":"BJR Open"},{"key":"11523_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-023-04135-1","volume":"49","author":"MH Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee MH, Liu D, Garrett JW et al (2024) Comparing fully automated AI body composition measures derived from thin and thick slice CT image data. Abdom Radiol (NY) 49:985\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-023-04135-1","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"11523_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqae041","volume":"97","author":"D Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu D, Garrett JW, Perez AA et al (2024) Fully automated CT imaging biomarkers for opportunistic prediction of future hip fractures. Br J Radiol 97:770\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqae041","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"11523_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Graffy PM, Liu J, Pickhardt PJ, Burns JE, Yao J, Summers RM (2019) Deep learning-based muscle segmentation and quantification at abdominal CT: application to a longitudinal adult screening cohort for sarcopenia assessment. Br J Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20190327","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190327"},{"key":"11523_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-022-03728-6","volume":"48","author":"D Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu D, Garrett JW, Lee MH, Zea R, Summers RM, Pickhardt PJ (2023) Fully automated CT-based adiposity assessment: comparison of the L1 and L3 vertebral levels for opportunistic prediction. Abdom Radiol (NY) 48:787\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-022-03728-6","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"11523_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3038-1","volume":"59","author":"MT Hagan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hagan MT, Sayuk GS, Lisker-Melman M et al (2014) Liver volume in the cirrhotic patient: does size matter? Dig Dis Sci 59:886\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-014-3038-1","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"11523_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9875-9","volume":"12","author":"RA Bhanji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhanji RA, Moctezuma-Velazquez C, Duarte-Rojo A et al (2018) Myosteatosis and sarcopenia are associated with hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatol Int 12:377\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-018-9875-9","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"11523_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2995-9","volume":"56","author":"JW Jocken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jocken JW, Goossens GH, Boon H et al (2013) Insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of obese type 2 diabetic men and men with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 56:2255\u20132265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-013-2995-9","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"11523_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.05.006","volume":"26","author":"AS Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams AS, Kang L, Wasserman DH (2015) The extracellular matrix and insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26:357\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2015.05.006","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"11523_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13917","volume":"38","author":"R Laube","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laube R, Wang H, Park L et al (2018) Frailty in advanced liver disease. Liver Int 38:2117\u20132128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.13917","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"11523_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-012-0807-8","volume":"8","author":"M Muscaritoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muscaritoli M, Lucia S, Molfino A, Cederholm T, Rossi Fanelli F (2013) Muscle atrophy in aging and chronic diseases: is it sarcopenia or cachexia? Intern Emerg Med 8:553\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-012-0807-8","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"11523_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32049","volume":"74","author":"JC Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai JC, Tandon P, Bernal W et al (2021) Malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 74:1611\u20131644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32049","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"11523_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pickhardt PJ, Kattan MW, Lee MH et al (2025) Biological age model using explainable automated CT-based cardiometabolic biomarkers for phenotypic prediction of longevity. Nat Commun 16:1432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-56741-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56741-w"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11523-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11523-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11523-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T15:08:56Z","timestamp":1755097736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11523-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["11523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11523-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Daniel Liu.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: P.P.: Advisor to Bracco Diagnostics, Nanox-AI, GE HealthCare, and ColoWatch; stock options, ColoWatch; Dr. Garrett: Advisor to RadUnity, Shareholder in NVIDIA; R.M.S.: Royalties from iCAD, ScanMed, Philips, Translation Holdings, PingAn, MGB; research support through a CRADA with PingAn. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"One of the authors has significant statistical expertise (R.Z.).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}