{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1782990143285,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11722-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T09:03:00Z","timestamp":1749200580000},"page":"7471-7483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preoperative scoring system for predicting microvascular invasion in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using gadoxetate-enhanced MRI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Rohee","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeewuan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Jin","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Moon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"11722_CR1","first-page":"12","volume":"74","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A (2024) Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin 74:12\u201349","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"11722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.013","volume":"71","author":"P Bertuccio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Carioli G et al (2019) Global trends in mortality from intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 71:104\u2013114","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"11722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2018.03.16","volume":"7","author":"EW Beal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beal EW, Tumin D, Moris D et al (2018) Cohort contributions to trends in the incidence and mortality of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 7:270\u2013276","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr"},{"key":"11722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.6519","volume":"29","author":"MC de Jong","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Jong MC, Nathan H, Sotiropoulos GC et al (2011) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: an international multi-institutional analysis of prognostic factors and lymph node assessment. J Clin Oncol 29:3140\u20133145","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"11722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.5137","volume":"149","author":"MN Mavros","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mavros MN, Economopoulos KP, Alexiou VG, Pawlik TM (2014) Treatment and prognosis for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg 149:565\u2013574","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.543","volume":"25","author":"SH Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang SH, Hwang S, Lee YJ et al (2018) Prognostic comparison of the 7th and 8th editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 25:240\u2013248","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"key":"11722_CR7","first-page":"198","volume":"73","author":"D Moris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moris D, Palta M, Kim C, Allen PJ, Morse MA, Lidsky ME (2023) Advances in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: an overview of the current and future therapeutic landscape for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin 73:198\u2013222","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"11722_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.14701\/ahbps.22-110","volume":"27","author":"M Ghio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghio M, Vijay A (2023) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: evolving role of neoadjuvant and targeted therapy. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 27:123\u2013130","journal-title":"Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.1973","volume":"155","author":"DI Tsilimigras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsilimigras DI, Sahara K, Wu L et al (2020) Very early recurrence after liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: considering alternative treatment approaches. JAMA Surg 155:823\u2013831","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.05.019","volume":"223","author":"A Doussot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doussot A, Gonen M, Wiggers JK et al (2016) Recurrence patterns and disease-free survival after resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: preoperative and postoperative prognostic models. J Am Coll Surg 223:493\u2013505.e492","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12333","volume":"17","author":"SM Ali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ali SM, Clark CJ, Mounajjed T et al (2015) Model to predict survival after surgical resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the Mayo Clinic experience. HPB (Oxford) 17:244\u2013250","journal-title":"HPB (Oxford)"},{"key":"11722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25305","volume":"119","author":"LS Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu LS, Weiss M, Popescu I et al (2019) Impact of microvascular invasion on clinical outcomes after curative-intent resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 119:21\u201329","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"11722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.010","volume":"79","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2023","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2023) EASL-ILCA clinical practice guidelines on the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 79:181\u2013208","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"11722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sheng R, Zheng B, Zhang Y et al (2024) MRI-based microvascular invasion prediction in mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: survival and therapeutic benefit. Eur Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-024-11296-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11296-0"},{"key":"11722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.04.024","volume":"67","author":"S Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee S, Kim SH, Lee JE, Sinn DH, Park CK (2017) Preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for predicting microvascular invasion in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 67:526\u2013534","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"11722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000513704","volume":"10","author":"SB Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong SB, Choi SH, Kim SY et al (2021) MRI features for predicting microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Cancer 10:94\u2013106","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"11722_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003268","volume":"273","author":"S Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee S, Kang TW, Song KD et al (2021) Effect of microvascular invasion risk on early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery and radiofrequency ablation. Ann Surg 273:564\u2013571","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-020-00318-x","volume":"20","author":"X Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma X, Liu L, Fang J et al (2020) MRI features predict microvascular invasion in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Imaging 20:40","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"11722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-023-04079-6","volume":"49","author":"S Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen S, Wan L, Zhao R et al (2024) Nomogram based on preoperative clinical and MRI features to estimate the microvascular invasion status and the prognosis of solitary intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 49:425\u2013436","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"11722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838701","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.838701","volume":"12","author":"X Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian X, Lu X, Ma X et al (2022) A multi-parametric radiomics nomogram for preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion status in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol 12:838701","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"11722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-023-01704-8","volume":"128","author":"X Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma X, Qian X, Wang Q et al (2023) Radiomics nomogram based on optimal VOI of multi-sequence MRI for predicting microvascular invasion in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Radiol Med 128:1296\u20131309","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"11722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.12417","volume":"204","author":"DK Sundarakumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sundarakumar DK, Wilson GJ, Osman SF, Zaidi SF, Maki JH (2015) Evaluation of image registration in subtracted 3D dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of treated hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 204:287\u2013296","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"11722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13975","volume":"76","author":"ID Nagtegaal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagtegaal ID, Odze RD, Klimstra D et al (2020) The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology 76:182\u2013188","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"11722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee AJ, Chun YS (2018) Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the AJCC\/UICC 8th edition updates. Chin Clin Oncol 7:52","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2018.07.03"},{"key":"11722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1774","volume":"5","author":"YY Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim YY, Yeom SK, Shin H et al (2021) Clinical staging of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging. Hepatol Commun 5:2009\u20132018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"11722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14132362","volume":"273","author":"JY Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB (2014) CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: Part II. Extracellular agents, hepatobiliary agents, and ancillary imaging features. Radiology 273:30\u201350","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"11722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000521747","volume":"11","author":"S Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park S, Lee Y, Kim H et al (2022) Subtype classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using liver MR imaging features and its prognostic value. Liver Cancer 11:233\u2013246","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"11722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5898-9","volume":"29","author":"H Rhee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rhee H, Kim MJ, Park YN, An C (2019) A proposal of imaging classification of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma into ductal and parenchymal types: clinicopathologic significance. Eur Radiol 29:3111\u20133121","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"11722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000695","volume":"42","author":"JG Nam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nam JG, Lee JM, Joo I et al (2018) Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: relationship between computed tomography characteristics and histological subtypes. J Comput Assist Tomogr 42:340\u2013349","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"11722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-023-03847-8","volume":"48","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen S, Wan L, Zhao R et al (2023) Predictive factors of microvascular invasion in patients with intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma based on magnetic resonance images. Abdom Radiol (NY) 48:1306\u20131319","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"11722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-11","volume":"13","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen S, Zhu Y, Wan L, Zou S, Zhang H (2023) Predicting the microvascular invasion and tumor grading of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma based on magnetic resonance imaging radiomics and morphological features. Quant Imaging Med Surg 13:8079\u20138093","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-09035-5","volume":"21","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang J et al (2021) Prognostic value and predication model of microvascular invasion in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter study from China. BMC Cancer 21:1299","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"11722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-0180-z","volume":"16","author":"H Nathan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nathan H, Aloia TA, Vauthey JN et al (2009) A proposed staging system for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 16:14\u201322","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"11722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0117","volume":"152","author":"M Raoof","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raoof M, Dumitra S, Ituarte PHG et al (2017) Development and validation of a prognostic score for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. JAMA Surg 152:e170117","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.5168","volume":"149","author":"O Hyder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hyder O, Marques H, Pulitano C et al (2014) A nomogram to predict long-term survival after resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: an Eastern and Western experience. JAMA Surg 149:432\u2013438","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.41.5984","volume":"31","author":"Y Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li J, Xia Y et al (2013) Prognostic nomogram for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after partial hepatectomy. J Clin Oncol 31:1188\u20131195","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"11722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq650","volume":"22","author":"W Jiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jiang W, Zeng ZC, Tang ZY et al (2011) A prognostic scoring system based on clinical features of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the Fudan score. Ann Oncol 22:1644\u20131652","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"11722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-021-04911-8","volume":"25","author":"TL Sutton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sutton TL, Billingsley KG, Walker BS et al (2021) Detection of tumor multifocality in resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: defining the optimal pre-operative imaging modality. J Gastrointest Surg 25:2250\u20132257","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26566","volume":"50","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang X, Xu C et al (2019) Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: can diffusion-weighted imaging predict microvascular invasion? J Magn Reson Imaging 50:315\u2013324","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"11722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2016.12.10","volume":"6","author":"K Fabrega-Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fabrega-Foster K, Ghasabeh MA, Pawlik TM, Kamel IR (2017) Multimodality imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 6:67\u201378","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr"},{"key":"11722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15470","volume":"43","author":"SB Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong SB, Hong S, Choi SH et al (2023) Multiple arterial-phase MRI with gadoxetic acid improves diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma \u22643.0 cm. Liver Int 43:462\u2013470","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"11722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-21-499","volume":"12","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang X, Sun Y, Zhou X et al (2022) Histogram peritumoral enhanced features on MRI arterial phase with extracellular contrast agent can improve prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Quant Imaging Med Surg 12:1372\u20131384","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"11722_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1917-1","volume":"21","author":"MR Bashir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bashir MR, Merkle EM (2011) Improved liver lesion conspicuity by increasing the flip angle during hepatocyte phase MR imaging. Eur Radiol 21:291\u2013294","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"11722_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22876","volume":"35","author":"KA Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim KA, Kim MJ, Jeon HM et al (2012) Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of peritumoral hypointensity seen on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced hepatobiliary phase images. J Magn Reson Imaging 35:629\u2013634","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11722-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11722-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11722-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:08:14Z","timestamp":1763640494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11722-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11722-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dong Hwan Kim.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed by Jeewuan Kim, a statistical expert at the National Cancer Center Korea and one of the co-authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board because of the retrospective nature of the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained by Asan Medical Center.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}