{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:47:31Z","timestamp":1763639251260,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"DZL","award":["82DZL004A, 82DZL004A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82DZL004A, 82DZL004A2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to show that spectral computed tomography (CT) can identify different patterns of airway wall thickening and contrast enhancement in lung-healthy controls, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients, reflecting airway inflammation in both pneumonia subtypes and airway neovascularization in COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      331 subjects (age 58.9\u2009\u00b1\u200917.2 years) with 218 arterial and 113 venous phase spectral CT acquisitions were retrospectively recruited: 119 lung-healthy controls, 45 with COVID-19 and 167 with non-COVID-19 pneumonia. Scientific software was used for segmenting the airway tree. Wall thickness (WT\n                      <jats:sub>5-10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and the difference in median maximum airway wall attenuation (slope of the spectral attenuation curve) between 40\u2009keV and 100\u2009keV display energy were calculated and aggregated for subsegmental airway generations 5\u201310 (\u03bbHU\n                      <jats:sub>5-10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Descriptive statistics, correlations,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests, and ANOVA analyses were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Arterial phase WT\n                      <jats:sub>5-10<\/jats:sub>\n                      was similarly increased in COVID-19 (1.70\u2009\u00b1\u20090.44\u2009mm) and non-COVID-19 (1.64\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53\u2009mm) pneumonia compared to controls (1.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34\u2009mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Arterial phase \u03bbHU\n                      <jats:sub>5-10<\/jats:sub>\n                      was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (3.09\u2009\u00b1\u20092.27\u2009HU\/keV) than in non-COVID-19 pneumonia (2.18\u2009\u00b1\u20091.54\u2009HU\/keV,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and lung-healthy controls (2.06\u2009\u00b1\u20091.11\u2009HU\/keV,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spectral CT shows significant differences in segmental wall thickness and airway contrast enhancement between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia and lung-healthy controls. Airway contrast enhancement may be a feasible measure to detect airway inflammation in pneumonia and neovascularization in COVID-19 pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Question<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Is spectral CT airway contrast enhancement a feasible quantitative method to detect airway inflammation or neovascularisation?<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Findings<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Spectral CT shows significant differences in segmental wall thickness and airway contrast enhancement between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and lung-healthy controls.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Spectral CT can be used to assess inflammatory airway diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, asthma and bronchiectasis.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11752-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T10:13:00Z","timestamp":1750327980000},"page":"8164-8175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative spectral computed tomography detects different patterns of airway wall thickening and contrast enhancement in infective lung disease: a feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Konietzke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Thom\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Weinheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy D.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willi L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arndt L.","family":"Bodenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Stiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim F.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus P.","family":"Heu\u00dfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Ulrich","family":"Kauczor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark O.","family":"Wielp\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"11752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182988","volume":"13","author":"T Iwasawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iwasawa T, Matsushita S, Hirayama M, Baba T, Ogura T (2023) Quantitative analysis for lung disease on thin-section CT. 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Weber, T.D. Do, H.U. Kauczor, W. Stiller). Airway analysis technology is licensed to Imbio, L.L.C. The funders and industries had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"This retrospective single-center study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted by the local ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University Hospital (S-924\/2019) and need for written informed consent was waived.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"We confirm that our manuscript contains original data, while 119 lung-healthy controls were included from a previously published patient collective published in\n                      European Radiology\n                      (Bodenberger et al [\n                      \n                      ]).","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}