{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:10:31Z","timestamp":1779109831669,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTC2021 jscx-gksb-N0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTC2021 jscx-gksb-N0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017501","name":"Science-Health Joint Medical Scientific Research Project of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZDXM006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZDXM006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11771-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T12:17:23Z","timestamp":1750162643000},"page":"7786-7795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring factors driving the evolution of chronic lesions in multiple sclerosis using machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Hai","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuowei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1892-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"11771_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211031801","volume":"28","author":"MW Koch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koch MW, Mostert J, Repovic P et al (2022) MRI brain volume loss, lesion burden, and clinical outcome in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 28:561\u2013572","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11771_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200206000-00003","volume":"15","author":"F Barkhof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barkhof F (2002) The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis revisited. Curr Opin Neurol 15:239\u2013245","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"11771_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz212","volume":"142","author":"C Elliott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elliott C, Belachew S, Wolinsky JS et al (2019) Chronic white matter lesion activity predicts clinical progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 142:2787\u20132799","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11771_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2399","volume":"76","author":"M Absinta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Absinta M, Sati P, Masuzzo F et al (2019) Association of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions with disability in vivo. JAMA Neurol 76:1474\u20131483","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"11771_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1953983","volume":"21","author":"P Preziosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preziosa P, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2021) Chronic active lesions: A new MRI biomarker to monitor treatment effect in multiple sclerosis?. Expert Rev Neurother 21:837\u2013841","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"11771_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1653-y","volume":"133","author":"T Kuhlmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuhlmann T, Ludwin S, Prat A, Antel J, Br\u00fcck W, Lassmann H (2017) An updated histological classification system for multiple sclerosis lesions. Acta Neuropathol 133:13\u201324","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11771_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa436","volume":"144","author":"A Dal-Bianco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dal-Bianco A, Grabner G, Kronnerwetter C et al (2021) Long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions in 7 T MRI. Brain 144:833\u2013847","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"11771_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51338","volume":"8","author":"KM Gillen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gillen KM, Mubarak M, Park C et al (2021) QSM is an imaging biomarker for chronic glial activation in multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 8:877\u2013886","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"11771_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86198","volume":"126","author":"M Absinta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Absinta M, Sati P, Schindler M et al (2016) Persistent 7-tesla phase rim predicts poor outcome in new multiple sclerosis patient lesions. J Clin Invest 126:2597\u20132609","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"11771_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1636-z","volume":"133","author":"A Dal-Bianco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dal-Bianco A, Grabner G, Kronnerwetter C et al (2017) Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Neuropathol 133:25\u201342","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"11771_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518814117","volume":"25","author":"C Elliott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elliott C, Wolinsky JS, Hauser SL et al (2019) Slowly expanding\/evolving lesions as a magnetic resonance imaging marker of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions. Mult Scler 25:1915\u20131925","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11771_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221141964","volume":"29","author":"A Calvi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calvi A, Clarke MA, Prados F et al (2023) Relationship between paramagnetic rim lesions and slowly expanding lesions in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 29:352\u2013362","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11771_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231162262","volume":"29","author":"C Elliott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elliott C, Rudko DA, Arnold DL et al (2023) Lesion-level correspondence and longitudinal properties of paramagnetic rim and slowly expanding lesions in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 29:680\u2013690","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11771_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102989","volume":"53","author":"Y Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng Y, Zheng Y, Tan Z et al (2021) Prediction of unenhanced lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis using radiomics-based models: a machine learning approach. Mult Scler Relat Disord 53:102989","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"11771_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2021.03.016","volume":"79","author":"CE Weber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weber CE, Wittayer M, Kraemer M et al (2021) Quantitative MRI texture analysis in chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions. Magn Reson Imaging 79:97\u2013102","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"11771_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520974357","volume":"27","author":"S Klistorner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klistorner S, Barnett MH, Yiannikas C et al (2021) Expansion of chronic lesions is linked to disease progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 27:1533\u20131542","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11771_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01996-2","volume":"28","author":"N Tedone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tedone N, Preziosa P, Meani A et al (2023) Regional white matter and gray matter damage and cognitive performances in multiple sclerosis according to sex. Mol Psychiatry 28:1783\u20131792","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"11771_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09643-z","volume":"267","author":"E Tavazzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tavazzi E, Bergsland N, Kuhle J et al (2020) A multimodal approach to assess the validity of atrophied T2-lesion volume as an MRI marker of disease progression in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 267:802\u2013811","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"11771_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520969105","volume":"27","author":"P Preziosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preziosa P, Pagani E, Moiola L, Rodegher M, Filippi M, Rocca MA (2021) Occurrence and microstructural features of slowly expanding lesions on fingolimod or natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 27:1520\u20131532","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"11771_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.05.002","volume":"51","author":"T Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang T, Gradus JL, Rosellini AJ (2020) Supervised machine learning: a brief primer. Behav Ther 51:675\u2013687","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"11771_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","volume":"17","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F et al (2018) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 17:162\u2013173","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"11771_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117611","volume":"15","author":"KS Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan KS, Marques JP (2021) SEPIA-susceptibility mapping pipeline tool for phase images. Neuroimage 15:117611","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"11771_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103248","volume":"36","author":"S Cappelle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cappelle S, Pareto D, Sunaert S et al (2022) T1w\/FLAIR ratio standardization as a myelin marker in MS patients. Neuroimage Clin 36:103248","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"11771_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1139","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001139","volume":"1","author":"P Preziosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Preziosa P, Pagani E, Meani A et al (2022) Slowly expanding lesions predict 9-year multiple sclerosis disease progression. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 1:e1139","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"11771_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104070","volume":"66","author":"H Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu H, Ye L, Ding S et al (2022) The heterogeneity of tissue destruction between iron rim lesions and non-iron rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: a diffusion MRI study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 66:104070","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"11771_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13088","volume":"33","author":"AR Manning","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manning AR, Beck ES, Schindler MK et al (2023) T1\/T2 ratio from 3T MRI improves multiple sclerosis cortical lesion contrast. J Neuroimaging 33:434\u2013445","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"11771_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.10.009","volume":"95","author":"M Wittayer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wittayer M, Weber CE, Kr\u00e4mer J et al (2023) Exploring (peri-) lesional and structural connectivity tissue damage through T1\/T2-weighted ratio in iron rim multiple sclerosis lesions. Magn Reson Imaging 95:12\u201318","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"11771_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e543","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012326","volume":"97","author":"P Maggi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maggi P, Kuhle J, Sch\u00e4delin S et al (2021) Chronic white matter inflammation and serum neurofilament levels in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 97:e543\u2013e553","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11771_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e207768","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207768","volume":"102","author":"A Cagol","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cagol A, Benkert P, Melie-Garcia L et al (2024) Association of spinal cord atrophy and brain paramagnetic rim lesions with progression independent of relapse activity in people with MS. Neurology 102:e207768","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11771-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11771-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11771-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:44:24Z","timestamp":1763639064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11771-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11771-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Professor Yongmei Li.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"One of the authors (H.H.) has significant statistical expertise.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}