{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:23:58Z","timestamp":1785259438888,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the quality of AI-ADC maps and standard ADC maps in a multi-reader study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multi-reader study included 74 consecutive patients (median age = 66 years, [IQR\u2009=\u200957.25\u201371.75 years]; median PSA\u2009=\u20094.30\u2009ng\/mL [IQR\u2009=\u20091.33\u20137.75\u2009ng\/mL]) with suspected or confirmed PCa, who underwent mpMRI between October 2023 and January 2024. The study was conducted in two rounds, separated by a 4-week wash-out period. In each round, four readers evaluated T2W-MRI and standard or AI-generated ADC (AI-ADC) maps. Fleiss\u2019 kappa, quadratic-weighted Cohen\u2019s kappa statistics were used to assess inter-reader agreement. Linear mixed effect models were employed to compare the quality evaluation of standard versus AI-ADC maps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AI-ADC maps exhibited significantly enhanced imaging quality compared to standard ADC maps with higher ratings in windowing ease (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.67 [95% CI 0.30\u20131.04],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), prostate boundary delineation (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.38 [95% CI 1.03\u20131.73],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), reductions in distortion (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.68 [95% CI 1.30\u20132.05],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), noise (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.56 [95% CI 0.24\u20130.88],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). AI-ADC maps reduced reacquisition requirements for all readers (\u03b2\u2009=\u20092.23 [95% CI 1.69\u20132.76],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), supporting potential workflow efficiency gains. No differences were observed between AI-ADC and standard ADC maps\u2019 inter-reader agreement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our multi-reader study demonstrated that AI-ADC maps improved prostate boundary delineation, had lower image noise, fewer distortions, and higher overall image quality compared to ADC maps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Question<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Can we synthesize apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps with AI to achieve higher quality maps?<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Findings<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>On average, readers rated quality factors of AI-ADC maps higher than\u00a0ADC maps in 34.80% of cases, compared to 5.07% for ADC (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>AI-ADC maps may serve as a reliable diagnostic support tool thanks to their high quality, particularly when the acquired ADC maps include artifacts.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11871-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T23:08:24Z","timestamp":1753139304000},"page":"288-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Artificial intelligence\u2013generated apparent diffusion coefficient (AI-ADC) maps for prostate gland assessment: a multi-reader study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Kutsev Bengisu","family":"Ozyoruk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enis C.","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich P.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Gelikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan Mee","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan Kumar","family":"Jadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitarama","family":"Raavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Gurram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Choyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-6494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baris","family":"Turkbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"11871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3201-2","volume":"24","author":"C Jie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jie C, Rongbo L, Ping T (2014) The value of diffusion-weighted imaging in the detection of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. 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Eur J Radiol 165:110923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110923","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11871-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11871-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11871-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T14:03:35Z","timestamp":1765980215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11871-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["11871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11871-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr. Baris Turkbey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies: Bradford J. Wood receives support as part of a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) between NIH and Philips Healthcare and receives royalties from NIH related to a licensing agreement with Philips Healthcare. Peter L. Choyke receives royalties for MRI\/ultrasound fusion biopsy patents licensed to Philips Medical. Peter A. Pinto receives royalties from NIH related to a Philips licensing agreement and support as part of a CRADA between NIH and Philips Healthcare. Baris Turkbey receives support as part of a CRADA between NIH and NVIDIA and between NIH and Philips Healthcare and receives royalties from NIH. F.G. is a member of the Scientific Editorial Board of\n                      European Radiology\n                      (section: urogenital); as such, they did not participate in the selection or review processes for this article. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"One of the authors (Dr. Erich Huang) has significant statistical expertise.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained (NIH IRB number 18-C-0017, NCT03354416).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}