{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:06:23Z","timestamp":1772723183275,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC1304000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1304000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82170017,82370085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170017,82370085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["2020C03067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12000-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T04:39:00Z","timestamp":1758515940000},"page":"2037-2051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine learning predicts severe adverse events and salvage success of CT-guided lung biopsy after nondiagnostic transbronchial lung biopsy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Song","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhidan","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisha","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4841-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengshui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"12000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.063","volume":"160","author":"PJ Mazzone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mazzone PJ, Silvestri GA, Souter LH et al (2021) Screening for lung cancer: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 160:e427\u2013e494","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"12000_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30861-6","volume":"18","author":"M Oudkerk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oudkerk M, Devaraj A, Vliegenthart R et al (2017) European position statement on lung cancer screening. Lancet Oncol 18:e754\u2013e766","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"12000_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.22780","volume":"216","author":"KE Shin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin KE, Park JS, Lee JW (2021) Diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided core needle biopsy for thin-walled cavitary pulmonary lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 216:369\u2013375","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12000_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-21-1312","volume":"13","author":"Y Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du Y, Li Y, Dorrius MD et al (2021) Comparison of National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Position Statement protocols for nodule management in low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening in a general Chinese population. J Thorac Dis 13:6855\u20136865","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"12000_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20030-z","volume":"12","author":"DY Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim DY, Sun JS, Kim EY, Park KJ, You S (2022) Diagnostic accuracy and safety of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy with a coaxial cutting needle for the diagnosis of lung cancer in patients with UIP pattern. Sci Rep 12:15682","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"12000_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-023-01436-3","volume":"14","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhang T, Xu Y et al (2023) Comparison between percutaneous transthoracic co-axial needle CT-guided biopsy and transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of persistent pulmonary consolidation. Insights Imaging 14:80","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"12000_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170893","volume":"286","author":"KM Bhatt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhatt KM, Tandon YK, Graham R et al (2018) Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy versus CT-guided percutaneous sampling of peripheral indeterminate pulmonary nodules: a cohort study. Radiology 286:1052\u20131061","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12000_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e176","volume":"36","author":"KS Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong KS, Lee KH, Chung JH et al (2021) Utility of radial probe endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial lung biopsy in bronchus sign negative peripheral pulmonary lesions. J Korean Med Sci 36:e176","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"12000_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4357-8","volume":"27","author":"WJ Heerink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heerink WJ, de Bock GH, de Jonge GJ, Groen HJ, Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M (2017) Complication rates of CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 27:138\u2013148","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12000_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-023-00596-9","volume":"201","author":"ATN Ho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ho ATN, Gorthi R, Lee R, Chawla M, Patolia S (2023) Solitary lung nodule: CT-guided transthoracic biopsy vs transbronchial biopsy with endobronchial ultrasound and flexible bronchoscope, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lung 201:85\u201393","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"12000_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2022.08.024","volume":"173","author":"SK Soosman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soosman SK, Schenker MP, Mazzola E et al (2022) Safety of image guided research biopsies in patients with thoracic malignancies. Lung Cancer 173:53\u201357","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"12000_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240046","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0046-2024","volume":"33","author":"P Balasubramanian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Balasubramanian P, Abia-Trujillo D, Barrios-Ruiz A et al (2024) Diagnostic yield and safety of diagnostic techniques for pulmonary lesions: systematic review, meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 33:240046","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"12000_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.06.037","volume":"33","author":"A Madabhushi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madabhushi A, Lee G (2016) Image analysis and machine learning in digital pathology: challenges and opportunities. Med Image Anal 33:170\u2013175","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"12000_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13678","volume":"47","author":"M Avanzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Avanzo M, Wei L, Stancanello J et al (2020) Machine and deep learning methods for radiomics. Med Phys 47:e185\u2013e202","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"12000_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-176","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Bao D, Wu W, Tang W, Xing G, Zhao X (2022) Development and validation of a prediction model of pneumothorax after CT-guided coaxial core needle lung biopsy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 12:5404\u20135419","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"12000_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.03.036","volume":"28","author":"EJ Mortani Barbosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mortani Barbosa EJ, Sachs N (2021) CT fluoroscopy guided thoracic biopsies (CTTB) are highly accurate and safe: outcomes and predictive modeling of complications utilizing machine learning. Acad Radiol 28:608\u2013618","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"12000_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140998","volume":"10","author":"PE Ferguson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferguson PE, Sales CM, Hodges DC, Sales EW (2015) Effects of a multidisciplinary approach to improve volume of diagnostic material in CT-guided lung biopsies. PLoS One 10:e0140998","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12000_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13275","volume":"15","author":"YF Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu YF, Zhang JH, Wang T, Shi YB (2021) Endobronchial ultrasound-guided versus computed tomography-guided biopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: a meta-analysis. Clin Respir J 15:3\u201310","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"12000_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-19-1024","volume":"10","author":"J Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu J, Qu Y, Wang X et al (2020) Risk factors associated with pulmonary hemorrhage and hemoptysis following percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung core needle biopsy: a retrospective study of 1,090 cases. Quant Imaging Med Surg 10:1008\u20131020","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"12000_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150381","volume":"279","author":"R Tai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tai R, Dunne RM, Trotman-Dickenson B et al (2016) Frequency and severity of pulmonary hemorrhage in patients undergoing percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: single-institution experience of 1175 cases. Radiology 279:287\u2013296","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12000_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society (2002) American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:277\u2013304","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.ats01"},{"key":"12000_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05138-0","volume":"28","author":"C Guan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guan C, Gong A, Zhao Y et al (2024) Interpretable machine learning model for new-onset atrial fibrillation prediction in critically ill patients: a multi-center study. Crit Care 28:349","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"12000_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01625-0","volume":"21","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C, Wang D, Yang F et al (2021) The role of clinical characteristics and pulmonary function testing in predicting risk of pneumothorax by CT-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy of the lung. BMC Pulm Med 21:257","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"12000_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2023.04.012","volume":"78","author":"SB Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee SB, Kim MJ, Lee IJ (2023) Assessment of diagnostic accuracy and complication rates of CT-guided percutaneous core-needle biopsy for lung lesion: difference between solid and sub-solid nodules based on propensity score matching analysis. Clin Radiol 78:e620\u2013e626","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"12000_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021210360","volume":"302","author":"A Najafi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Najafi A, Al Ahmar M, Bonnet B et al (2022) The PEARL approach for CT-guided lung biopsy: assessment of complication rate. Radiology 302:473\u2013480","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12000_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.11.013","volume":"14","author":"EE Folch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Folch EE, Pritchett MA, Nead MA et al (2019) Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: one-year results of the prospective, multicenter NAVIGATE study. J Thorac Oncol 14:445\u2013458","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"12000_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191590","volume":"13","author":"Y Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han Y, Kim HJ, Kong KA et al (2018) Diagnosis of small pulmonary lesions by transbronchial lung biopsy with radial endobronchial ultrasound and virtual bronchoscopic navigation versus CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 13:e0191590","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12000_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_208_17","volume":"35","author":"A Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta A, Suri JC, Bhattacharya D et al (2018) Comparison of diagnostic yield and safety profile of radial endobronchial ultrasound-guided bronchoscopic lung biopsy with computed tomography-guided percutaneous needle biopsy in evaluation of peripheral pulmonary lesions: a randomized controlled trial. Lung India 35:9\u201315","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"12000_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.2.590","volume":"119","author":"M Baumann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baumann M, Strange C, Heffner J et al (2001) Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement. Chest 119:590\u2013602","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"12000_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910775","volume":"382","author":"S Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown S, Ball E, Perrin K et al (2020) Conservative versus interventional treatment for spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med 382:405\u2013415","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12000_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019182321","volume":"292","author":"O Drumm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drumm O, Joyce E, de Blacam C et al (2019) CT-guided lung biopsy: effect of biopsy-side down position on pneumothorax and chest tube placement. Radiology 292:190\u2013196","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12000_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07449-6","volume":"31","author":"EA Ruud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruud EA, Stavem K, Geitung JT, Borthne A, S\u00f8yseth V, Ashraf H (2020) Predictors of pneumothorax and chest drainage after percutaneous CT-guided lung biopsy: a prospective study. Eur Radiol 31:4243\u20134252","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12000_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3224","volume":"194","author":"T Hiraki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hiraki T, Mimura H, Gobara H et al (2010) Incidence of and risk factors for pneumothorax and chest tube placement after CT fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous lung biopsy: retrospective analysis of the procedures conducted over a 9-year period. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:809\u2013814","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12000_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310478","volume":"38","author":"RM Starke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Starke RM, Thompson JW, Ali MS et al (2018) Cigarette smoke initiates oxidative stress-induced cellular phenotypic modulation leading to cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 38:610\u2013621","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"12000_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.1.r99jl33165","volume":"212","author":"J Cox","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cox J, Chiles C, McManus C, Aquino S, Choplin R (1999) Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy: variables that affect risk of pneumothorax. Radiology 212:165\u2013168","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12000_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-020-01211-0","volume":"126","author":"V Sabatino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabatino V, Russo U, D\u2019Amuri F et al (2021) Pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage after CT-guided lung biopsy: incidence, clinical significance and correlation. Radiol Med 126:170\u2013177","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"12000_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01854-z","volume":"22","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Guan L, Ning C et al (2023) Machine learning-based models to predict one-year mortality among Chinese older patients with coronary artery disease combined with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 22:139","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"12000_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2116777","volume":"386","author":"TE King Jr","year":"2022","unstructured":"King TE Jr, Lee JS (2022) Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 386:1058\u20131069","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12000_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200512-124JH","volume":"3","author":"DW Visscher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Visscher DW, Myers JL (2006) Bronchiolitis: the pathologist\u2019s perspective. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3:41\u201347","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"12000_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060519879006","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519879006","volume":"48","author":"XL Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu XL, Li W, Yang WX et al (2020) Computed tomography-guided biopsy of small lung nodules: diagnostic accuracy and analysis for true negatives. J Int Med Res 48:300060519879006","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"12000_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109749","volume":"140","author":"L Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang L, Liang T, Du Y et al (2021) Nomogram model to predict pneumothorax after computed tomography-guided coaxial core needle lung biopsy. Eur J Radiol 140:109749","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"12000_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-018-0719-2","volume":"36","author":"CH Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen CH, Huang WM, Liang SH et al (2018) Does biopsy needle traversing through central portion of lesion increase the risk of hemoptysis during percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy? Jpn J Radiol 36:231\u2013237","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12000-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12000-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12000-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:02:43Z","timestamp":1772719363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12000-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["12000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12000-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr. Song Yang.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written consent was not required for this study because it used anonymised retrospective data.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (No. KY2022-R115) and the Institutional Review Board of Quzhou Municipal People\u2019s Hospital (No. 2024-114) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patient information was anonymized, and therefore informed consent was waived.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"None.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}