{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:25:52Z","timestamp":1787934352933,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12107-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1761924607000},"page":"2662-2673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brush sign on susceptibility-weighted imaging as a predictor of infarct growth in a single small subcortical infarction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Shota","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Morofuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukishige","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Tokunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Izumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"12107_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007466","volume":"46","author":"HG Jeong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeong HG, Kim BJ, Yang MH, Han MK, Bae HJ (2015) Neuroimaging markers for early neurologic deterioration in single small subcortical infarction. Stroke 46:687\u2013691","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"12107_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.12.014","volume":"269","author":"Y Terasawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Terasawa Y, Iguchi Y, Kimura K et al (2008) Neurological deterioration in small vessel disease may be associated with increase of infarct volume. J Neurol Sci 269:35\u201340","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"12107_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.9.1246","volume":"39","author":"LR Caplan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Caplan LR (1989) Intracranial branch atheromatous disease: a neglected, understudied, and underused concept. Neurology 39:1246\u20131250","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"12107_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000442577","volume":"41","author":"L Petrone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petrone L, Nannoni S, Del Bene A, Palumbo V, Inzitari D (2016) Branch atheromatous disease: A clinically meaningful, yet unproven concept. Cerebrovasc Dis 41:87\u201395","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"12107_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.54.289","volume":"54","author":"Y Yamamoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamamoto Y (2014) [Concept, pathophysiology and treatment for branch atheromatous disease]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 54:289\u2013297","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"12107_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.50.919","volume":"50","author":"H Hoshino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoshino H, Takagi M, Yamamoto Y et al (2010) [Neurological progression and clinical outcome of branch atheromatous disease (Results from the J-BAD registry)]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 50:919\u2013920","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"12107_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.06.044","volume":"24","author":"T Nakase","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nakase T, Yamamoto Y, Takagi M, Japan Branch Atheromatous Disease Registry Collaborators (2015) The impact of diagnosing branch atheromatous disease for predicting prognosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 24:2423\u20132428","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"12107_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5135","volume":"38","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang S, Chen Q, Ding W, Campbell BCV, Lou M (2017) Ipsilateral prominent thalamostriate vein on susceptibility-weighted imaging predicts poor outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 38:875\u2013881","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"12107_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.828256","volume":"13","author":"L Rascle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rascle L, Bani Sadr A, Amaz C et al (2022) Does the brush-sign reflect collateral status and DWI-ASPECTS in large vessel occlusion?. Front Neurol 13:828256","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"12107_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131118","volume":"10","author":"C-Y Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen C-Y, Chen C-I, Tsai FY, Tsai P-H, Chan WP (2015) Prominent vessel sign on susceptibility-weighted imaging in acute stroke: prediction of infarct growth and clinical outcome. PLoS One 10:e0131118","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12107_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.926187","volume":"13","author":"J Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin J, Mao X, Liao Y et al (2022) A lesion extending three or more slices as a predictor of progressive infarction in anterior circulation small subcortical infarction. Front Neurol 13:926187","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"12107_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.032966","volume":"52","author":"KW Nam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nam KW, Kwon HM, Lee YS (2021) Different predictive factors for early neurological deterioration based on the location of single subcortical infarction: Early prognosis in single subcortical infarction. Stroke 52:3191\u20133198","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"12107_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.560011","volume":"40","author":"H Yamauchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamauchi H, Nishii R, Higashi T, Kagawa S, Fukuyama H (2009) Hemodynamic compromise as a cause of internal border-zone infarction and cortical neuronal damage in atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery disease. Stroke 40:3730\u20133735","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"12107_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.04.034","volume":"25","author":"V Djuleji\u0107","year":"2016","unstructured":"Djuleji\u0107 V, Marinkovi\u0107 S, Georgievski B et al (2016) Clinical significance of blood supply to the internal capsule and basal ganglia. J Clin Neurosci 25:19\u201326","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"12107_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000118373","volume":"25","author":"SK Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim SK, Song P, Hong JM et al (2008) Prediction of progressive motor deficits in patients with deep subcortical infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis 25:297\u2013303","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"12107_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004720","volume":"45","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Lee DH, Kang D-W, Kwon SU, Kim JS (2014) Branching patterns determine the size of single subcortical infarctions. Stroke 45:1485\u20131487","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"12107_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00131-X","volume":"22","author":"M Duering","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duering M, Biessels GJ, Brodtmann A et al (2023) Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease\u2013advance since 2013. Lancet Neurol 22:602\u2013618","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"12107_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107267","volume":"218","author":"K Tokuda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tokuda K, Hanada K, Takebayashi T, Koyama T, Fujita T, Okita Y (2022) Factors associated with prognosis of upper limb function in branch atheromatous disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 218:107267","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"12107_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1537","volume":"30","author":"D Kaya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaya D, Din\u00e7er A, Yildiz ME, Cizmeli MO, Erzen C (2009) Acute ischemic infarction defined by a region of multiple hypointense vessels on gradient-echo T2* MR imaging at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:1227\u20131232","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"12107_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2387-4","volume":"22","author":"H-W Kao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kao H-W, Tsai FY, Hasso AN (2012) Predicting stroke evolution: comparison of susceptibility-weighted MR imaging with MR perfusion. Eur Radiol 22:1397\u20131403","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12107_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1159\/000367709","volume":"38","author":"M-G Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park M-G, Yang T-I, Oh S-J, Baik SK, Kang YH, Park K-P (2014) Multiple hypointense vessels on susceptibility-weighted imaging in acute ischemic stroke: surrogate marker of oxygen extraction fraction in penumbra?. Cerebrovasc Dis 38:254\u2013261","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"12107_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195554","volume":"13","author":"S Yamaguchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamaguchi S, Horie N, Morikawa M et al (2018) Assessment of veins in T2*-weighted MR angiography predicts infarct growth in hyperacute ischemic stroke. PLoS One 13:e0195554","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12107_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000133341.74387.96","volume":"35","author":"M Hermier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hermier M, Nighoghossian N (2004) Contribution of susceptibility-weighted imaging to acute stroke assessment. Stroke 35:1989\u20131994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"12107_CR24","first-page":"402","volume":"25","author":"M Yamada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yamada M, Yoshimura S, Kaku Y et al (2004) Prediction of neurologic deterioration in patients with lacunar infarction in the territory of the lenticulostriate artery using perfusion CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:402\u2013408","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"12107_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3995\/jstroke.10524","volume":"40","author":"N Arai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arai N, Sasahara A, Yoneyama T et al (2018) [Usefulness of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging for predicting the deterioration of branch atheromatous disease (BAD)]. Nosotchu 40:243\u2013248","journal-title":"Nosotchu"},{"key":"12107_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-012-1102-8","volume":"20","author":"CY Ho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ho CY, Hussain S, Alam T et al (2013) Accuracy of CT cerebral perfusion in predicting infarct in the emergency department: lesion characterization on CT perfusion based on commercially available software. Emerg Radiol 20:203\u2013212","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"12107_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.61.41","volume":"61","author":"T Hana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hana T, Iwama J, Yokosako S et al (2014) Sensitivity of CT perfusion for the diagnosis of cerebral infarction. J Med Invest 61:41\u201345","journal-title":"J Med Invest"},{"key":"12107_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4017","volume":"35","author":"M Lou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lou M, Chen Z, Wan J et al (2014) Susceptibility-diffusion mismatch predicts thrombolytic outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:2061\u20132067","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"12107_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018806163","volume":"14","author":"H Miyazawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miyazawa H, Natori T, Kameda H et al (2019) Detecting lenticulostriate artery lesions in patients with acute ischemic stroke using high-resolution MRA at 7T. Int J Stroke 14:290\u2013297","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"12107_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-021-00953-x","volume":"13","author":"YC Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang YC, Lee JD, Pan YT et al (2022) Perfusion detects and collateral flow patterns in acute small subcortical infarction: a 4D dynamic MRI study. Transl Stroke Res 13:399\u2013409","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"12107_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.2.255","volume":"57","author":"S Terai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Terai S, Hori T, Miake S, Tamaki K, Saishoji A (2000) Mechanism in progressive lacunar infarction: a case report with magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 57:255\u2013258","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"12107_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.50.921","volume":"50","author":"H Takeda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takeda H, Takagi M, Yamamoto Y, J-BAD Investigators (2010) Branch atheromatous disease: how do we analyze its pathophysiology and treat it to prevent the progression of neurological symptoms?. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 50:921\u2013924","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"12107_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07642-7","volume":"31","author":"X Weiwei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weiwei X, Chen W, Song L et al (2021) Visualization of lenticulostriate artery by intracranial dark-blood vessel wall imaging and its relationships with lacunar infarction in basal ganglia: a retrospective study. Eur Radiol 31:5629\u20135639","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12107_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan Y, Jiang S, Yang T et al (2023) Lenticulostriate artery length and middle cerebral artery plaque as predictors of early neurological deterioration in single subcortical infarction. Int J Stroke 18:95\u2013101","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221081639"},{"key":"12107_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e032856","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.032856","volume":"13","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Bian Y, Wu F et al (2024) Association of morphology of lenticulostriate arteries and proximal plaque characteristics with single subcortical infarction: a whole-brain high-resolution vessel wall imaging study. J Am Heart Assoc 13:e032856","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"12107_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.488","volume":"4","author":"CM Stinear","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stinear CM, Byblow WD, Ackerley SJ, Smith M-C, Borges VM, Barber PA (2017) PREP2: a biomarker-based algorithm for predicting upper limb function after stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 4:811\u2013820","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"12107_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15606713","volume":"36","author":"K Kudo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kudo K, Liu T, Murakami T et al (2016) Oxygen extraction fraction measurement using quantitative susceptibility mapping: comparison with positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 36:1424\u20131433","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"12107_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027300","volume":"51","author":"K Matsumoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matsumoto K, Nohara Y, Soejima H, Yonehara T, Nakashima N, Kamouchi M (2020) Stroke prognostic scores and data-driven prediction of clinical outcomes after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 51:1477\u20131483","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"12107_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3799","volume":"11","author":"S Kongsawasdi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kongsawasdi S, Klaphajone J, Wivatvongvana P, Watcharasaksilp K (2019) Prognostic factors of functional outcome assessed by using the modified Rankin Scale in subacute ischemic stroke. J Clin Med Res 11:375\u2013382","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12107-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12107-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12107-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:19:58Z","timestamp":1774883998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12107-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["12107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12107-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Susumu Yamaguchi.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Osamu Togo, Department of Health Data Science, Tokyo Medical University, provided statistical expertise.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"This study was a cohort study, and we considered obtaining consent to participate in the survey verbally from the research subject or the substitute as much as possible. Research subjects for whom there was no opportunity to obtain consent were provided a summary of their research on the research facility\u2019s website, ensuring that the research subjects had the opportunity to refuse the use of their information in the research. Since this study included study subjects who could not provide consent or had died, we allowed the substitutes the option to opt out of participating in the study. The surrogate was the spouse, parents, adult children, adult siblings or grandchildren, grandparents, cohabiting relatives, or their close relatives of the study subject.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of our hospital (approval no. 5 shimabyou170).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}