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This study aimed to elucidate the interplay among systemic iron status, brain iron levels, and cerebral blood flow (CBF), with a particular focus on their influence on cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 332 healthy women without a history of iron-related disorders were recruited and stratified into three groups based on serum iron concentrations: low-iron, reference, and high-iron groups. Brain iron content and CBF were assessed in the basal ganglia (BG) using quantitative susceptibility mapping and arterial spin labeling perfusion-weighted imaging, respectively. Cognitive performance was evaluated using attention-focused assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although the low-iron group exhibited systemic iron deficiency, BG susceptibility values did not significantly differ from those of the reference group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13). Path analysis revealed that lower blood iron levels were significantly associated with reduced BG susceptibility (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and that both lower blood iron (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and reduced susceptibility (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) were associated with increased BG CBF. Decreased blood iron was associated with impaired attention performance, and a curvilinear relationship was observed between BG susceptibility and attention performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate a dynamic interaction between systemic and brain iron homeostasis, which influences BG CBF and attention performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Question<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the associations among blood iron levels, brain iron content, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and attention performance in healthy women?<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Findings<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Reduced systemic and brain iron levels were significantly associated with elevated CBF. Variability in both iron levels was linked to alterations in attention performance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>The observed associations between systemic and brain iron status and cognitive performance highlight the importance of maintaining blood\u2013brain iron homeostasis to prevent cognitive dysfunction, particularly in individuals with iron deficiency.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12143-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T17:00:56Z","timestamp":1769101256000},"page":"5140-5152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Regulation of brain iron homeostasis and its influence on cognitive function"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sujung","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonji","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunji","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaewon","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haejin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngeun","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeonji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeonseok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Mee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9717-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Kyoon","family":"Lyoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"12143_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crichton RR, Dexter DT, Ward RJ (2012) Brain iron metabolism and its perturbation in neurological diseases. 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