{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T12:05:43Z","timestamp":1776341143338,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12194-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T12:33:35Z","timestamp":1765197215000},"page":"3465-3476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment of CT diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in Tokyo"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-7353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Sugaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazufumi","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Nakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Sugisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Kogure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"12194_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000356672.44380.b7","volume":"97","author":"DA Schauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schauer DA, Linton OW (2009) NCRP Report No. 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. Health Phys 97:1\u20135","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"12194_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161911","volume":"284","author":"KM Kanal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanal KM, Butler PF, Sengupta D, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Coombs LP, Morin RL (2017) U.S. diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses for 10 adult CT examinations. Radiology 284:120\u2013133","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12194_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07652-5","volume":"31","author":"V Tsapaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsapaki V, Damilakis J, Paulo G et al (2021) CT diagnostic reference levels based on clinical indications: results of a large-scale European survey. Eur Radiol 31:4459\u20134469","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12194_CR4","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2025) Computed tomography (CT). Available via: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/indicators\/computed-tomography-ct-scanners.html?oecdcontrol-00b22b2429-var3=2017. Accessed 1 Aug 2025"},{"key":"12194_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-023-00725-2","volume":"16","author":"A Urikura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Urikura A, Yoshida T, Matsubara K, Nomura K, Hoshino T, Takagi T (2023) Number of computed tomography scanners and regional disparities based on population and medical resources in Japan. Radiol Phys Technol 16:355\u2013365","journal-title":"Radiol Phys Technol"},{"key":"12194_CR6","unstructured":"TheGlobalEconomy.com. (2025) Japan: Computed tomography scanners. Available via: https:\/\/www.theglobaleconomy.com\/Japan\/computed_tomography_scanners_per_million_people\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 1 Oct 2025"},{"key":"12194_CR7","unstructured":"Japan Network for Research and Information on Medical Exposure (2025) National diagnostic reference levels in Japan 2020 (2020): Available via: https:\/\/j-rime.qst.go.jp\/report\/DRL2020_Engver.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2025"},{"key":"12194_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2765-y","volume":"23","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh S, Kalra MK, Shenoy-Bhangle AS et al (2013) Iterative reconstruction techniques for computed tomography. Eur Radiol 23:1623\u20131631","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12194_CR9","first-page":"1822","volume":"29","author":"J Solomon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solomon J, Mileto A, Ramirez-Giraldo JC, Samei E (2019) CT iterative reconstruction algorithms: a task-based image quality assessment. Eur Radiol 29:1822\u20131829","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12194_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019191422","volume":"293","author":"A Mileto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mileto A, Guimaraes LS, McCollough CH, Fletcher JG, Yu L (2019) State of the art in abdominal CT: the limits of iterative reconstruction algorithms. Radiology 293:491\u2013503","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12194_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.211838","volume":"303","author":"CT Jensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jensen CT, Gupta S, Saleh MM et al (2022) Reduced-dose deep learning reconstruction for abdominal CT of liver metastases. Radiology 303:90\u201398","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12194_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2021.01.010","volume":"76","author":"CM McLeavy","year":"2021","unstructured":"McLeavy CM, Chunara MH, Gravell RJ et al (2021) The future of CT: deep learning reconstruction. Clin Radiol 76:407\u2013415","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"12194_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9121","volume":"199","author":"LF Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu LF, Leng S, McCollough CH (2012) Dual-energy CT-based monochromatic imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 199:S9\u2013S15","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12194_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142631","volume":"276","author":"CH McCollough","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCollough CH, Leng SA, Yu LF, Fletcher JG (2015) Dual- and multi-energy CT: principles, technical approaches, and clinical applications. Radiology 276:637\u2013653","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12194_CR15","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2019) National Health and Nutrition Survey. Available via: https:\/\/www.e-stat.go.jp\/dbview?sid=0003224177 Accessed 1 Aug 2025"},{"key":"12194_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645317717209","volume":"46","author":"E Va\u00f1\u00f3","year":"2017","unstructured":"Va\u00f1\u00f3 E, Miller DL, Martin CJ et al (2017) ICRP Publication 135, diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging. Ann ICRP 46:1\u2013144","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"12194_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08266-1","volume":"32","author":"D Bos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bos D, Yu S, Luong J et al (2022) Diagnostic reference levels and median doses for common clinical indications of CT: findings from an international registry. Eur Radiol 32:1971\u20131982","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12194_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwon H, Cho J, Oh J et al (2015) The adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V technique for radiation dose reduction in abdominal CT: comparison with the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction technique. Br J Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20150463","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150463"},{"key":"12194_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645317717209","volume":"46","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2017","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2017) Diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging. ICRP Publication 135. Ann ICRP 46:1\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146645317717209","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12194-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12194-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12194-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:23:39Z","timestamp":1776338619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12194-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["12194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12194-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Hideyuki Sato.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"The institutional review board at our hospital approved this retrospective study and waived the requirement for individual consent.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Juntendo University School of Medicine Medical Research Ethics Committee (E23-0071).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"None.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}