{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T16:42:04Z","timestamp":1793292124622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12230-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T09:23:18Z","timestamp":1766568198000},"page":"4218-4232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a comprehensive review, new concepts on diagnostic imaging and whole-body MRI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7625-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia da Cruz","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e2maris Versiani Caldeira","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Katsuyuki","family":"Shinjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Nakasone Matos","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al\u00edpio Gomes Ormond","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmar","family":"Zanoteli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio Brand\u00e3o","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"12230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0807-z","volume":"21","author":"JB Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es JB, Nico MA, Omond AG et al (2019) Diagnostic imaging of inflammatory myopathies: new concepts and a radiological approach. Curr Rheumatol Rep 21:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-019-0807-z","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"12230_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2018.41","volume":"14","author":"IE Lundberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lundberg IE, de Visser M, Werth VP (2018) Classification of myositis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 14:269\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2018.41","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402225","volume":"372","author":"MC Dalakas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalakas MC (2015) Inflammatory muscle diseases. N Engl J Med 372:1734\u20131747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1402225","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120682","volume":"40","author":"IN Lazarou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lazarou IN, Guerne P-A (2013) Classification, diagnosis, and management of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Rheumatol 40:550\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.120682","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211468","volume":"76","author":"IE Lundberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundberg IE, Tj\u00e4rnlund A, Bottai M et al (2017) 2017 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis 76:1955\u20131964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211468","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"12230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26660","volume":"60","author":"JA Day","year":"2019","unstructured":"Day JA, Bajic N, Gentili S et al (2019) Radiographic patterns of muscle involvement in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Muscle Nerve 60:549\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.26660","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"12230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000855","volume":"33","author":"J Tanboon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanboon J, Uruha A, Stenzel W, Nishino I (2020) Where are we moving in the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies?. Curr Opin Neurol 33:590\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000855","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"12230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24307","volume":"51","author":"J Van De Vlekkert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van De Vlekkert J, Maas M, Hoogendijk JE et al (2015) Combining MRI and muscle biopsy improves diagnostic accuracy in subacute-onset idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Muscle Nerve 51:253\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.24307","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"12230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26438","volume":"59","author":"M Faruch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faruch M, Garcia AI, Del Amo M et al (2019) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is useful for assessing inflammatory myopathies. Muscle Nerve 59:555\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.26438","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"12230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1799-2","volume":"20","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Kley RA, Fischer D (2010) Neuromuscular imaging in inherited muscle diseases. Eur Radiol 20:2447\u20132460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-010-1799-2","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.24.31359","volume":"223","author":"ED Zandee van Rilland","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zandee van Rilland ED, Yao L, Stevens KJ et al (2024) Myositis and its mimics: guideline updates, MRI characteristics, and new horizons. AJR Am J Roentgenol 223:e2431359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.24.31359","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidman CM, Hobson-Webb LD (2014) Imaging of skeletal muscle in neuromuscular disease: a clinical perspective. In: Weber M-A (ed) Magnetic resonance imaging of the skeletal musculature. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, pp 3\u201326","DOI":"10.1007\/174_2013_846"},{"key":"12230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253163","volume":"14","author":"WA Bashir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bashir WA, O\u2019Donnell P (2010) The myositides: the role of imaging in diagnosis and treatment. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 14:217\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1253163","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"key":"12230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1455867","volume":"16","author":"JJ Paik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paik JJ, Christopher-Stine L, Boesen M et al (2025) The utility of muscle magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a scoping review. Front Immunol 16:1455867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1455867","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"12230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.220029","volume":"42","author":"\u00dc Ayd\u0131ng\u00f6z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayd\u0131ng\u00f6z \u00dc, Y\u0131ld\u0131z AE, Ergen FB (2022) Zero echo time musculoskeletal MRI: technique, optimization, applications, and pitfalls. Radiographics 42:1398\u20131414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.220029","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"12230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-018-3107-1","volume":"48","author":"X Tomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomas X, Milisenda JC, Garcia-Diez AI et al (2019) Whole-body MRI and pathological findings in adult patients with myopathies. Skeletal Radiol 48:653\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-018-3107-1","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"12230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-007-0323-5","volume":"36","author":"GP Schmidt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmidt GP, Reiser MF, Baur-Melnyk A (2007) Whole-body imaging of the musculoskeletal system: the value of MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol 36:1109\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-007-0323-5","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"12230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e31825b2c35","volume":"22","author":"F Del Grande","year":"2011","unstructured":"Del Grande F, Carrino JA, Del Grande M et al (2011) Magnetic resonance imaging of inflammatory myopathies. Top Magn Reson Imaging 22:39\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RMR.0b013e31825b2c35","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"12230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05649-7","volume":"44","author":"M Essouma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Essouma M, de Araujo DB, Day J et al (2024) A protocol for scoping reviews on the role of whole-body and dedicated body-part magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheumatol Int 44:2403\u20132409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05649-7","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"12230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2023.08.014","volume":"33","author":"M de Visser","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Visser M, Carlier P, Vencovsk\u00fd J et al (2023) 255th ENMC workshop: muscle imaging in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. 15th January, 16th January and 22nd January 2021 - virtual meeting and hybrid meeting on 9th and 19th September 2022 in Hoofddorp, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 33:800\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2023.08.014","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"12230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2019.100018","volume":"2","author":"S-H Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang S-H, Chang C, Lian Z-X (2019) Polymyositis and dermatomyositis\u2014challenges in diagnosis and management. J Transl Autoimmun 2:100018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtauto.2019.100018","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"12230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8496-5","volume":"51","author":"Y Muro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muro Y, Sugiura K, Akiyama M (2016) Cutaneous manifestations in dermatomyositis: key clinical and serological features\u2014a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 51:293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-015-8496-5","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"12230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00322-3","volume":"6","author":"CM Connolly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Connolly CM, Gupta L, Fujimoto M et al (2024) Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: current insights and future frontiers. Lancet Rheumatol 6:e115\u2013e127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00322-3","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2022.101768","volume":"36","author":"S Davuluri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davuluri S, Duvvuri B, Lood C et al (2022) Calcinosis in dermatomyositis: origins and possible therapeutic avenues. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 36:101768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2022.101768","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2058460116668216","volume":"5","author":"SS Elessawy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elessawy SS, Abdelsalam EM, Abdel Razek E, Tharwat S (2016) Whole-body MRI for full assessment and characterization of diffuse inflammatory myopathy. Acta Radiol Open 5:2058460116668216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2058460116668216","journal-title":"Acta Radiol Open"},{"key":"12230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac269","volume":"62","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zheng Y, Wang Y et al (2022) Thigh MRI in antisynthetase syndrome, and comparisons with dermatomyositis and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 62:310\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac269","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"12230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03540-6","volume":"357","author":"CL Hill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B et al (2001) Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet 357:96\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03540-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2011.09.007","volume":"37","author":"R Aggarwal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aggarwal R, Oddis CV (2011) Paraneoplastic myalgias and myositis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 37:607\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2011.09.007","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"12230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094128","volume":"9","author":"X Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu X, Yang H, Shu X et al (2014) Factors predicting malignancy in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyostis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9:e94128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0094128","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2987","volume":"12","author":"Y-J Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen Y-J, Wu C-Y, Huang Y-L et al (2010) Cancer risks of dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Arthritis Res Ther 12:R70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar2987","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"12230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.12.011","volume":"127","author":"M Needham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Needham M, Mastaglia FL (2016) Sporadic inclusion body myositis: a review of recent clinical advances and current approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Clin Neurophysiol 127:1764\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.12.011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"12230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Souza FHCD, Pinto GLB, Souza JMD et al (2020) Sporadic inclusion body myositis in the rheumatology clinic. Indian J Rheumatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/injr.injr_80_20","DOI":"10.4103\/injr.injr_80_20"},{"key":"12230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21622","volume":"65","author":"G Karpati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karpati G, O\u2019Ferrall EK (2009) Sporadic inclusion body myositis: pathogenic considerations. Ann Neurol 65:7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21622","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"12230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4221-z","volume":"39","author":"K Haczkiewicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haczkiewicz K, Sebastian A, Piotrowska A et al (2019) Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of sporadic inclusion body myositis: a case series. Rheumatol Int 39:1291\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-018-4221-z","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"12230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.17849","volume":"209","author":"JB Guimaraes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guimaraes JB, Zanoteli E, Link TM et al (2017) Sporadic inclusion body myositis: MRI findings and correlation with clinical and functional parameters. AJR Am J Roentgenol 209:1340\u20131347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.17.17849","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12230_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052742","volume":"25","author":"V Guglielmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guglielmi V, Cheli M, Tonin P, Vattemi G (2024) Sporadic inclusion body myositis at the crossroads between muscle degeneration, inflammation, and aging. Int J Mol Sci 25:2742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25052742","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12230_CR37","first-page":"74","volume":"36","author":"K Kub\u00ednov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kub\u00ednov\u00e1 K, Dejthevaporn R, Mann H et al (2018) The role of imaging in evaluating patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 36:74\u201381","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/0q2voe","volume":"40","author":"LN Alfano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alfano LN, Focht GarandKL, Malandraki GA et al (2022) Measuring change in inclusion body myositis: clinical assessments versus imaging. Clin Exp Rheumatol 40:404\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/0q2voe","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185121990305","volume":"63","author":"K Pilania","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pilania K, Jankharia B (2022) Role of MRI in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a review article. Acta Radiol 1987 63:200\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185121990305","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"12230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-021-03734-7","volume":"50","author":"SL Ramani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramani SL, Samet J, Franz CK et al (2021) Musculoskeletal involvement of COVID-19: review of imaging. Skeletal Radiol 50:1763\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-021-03734-7","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"12230_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.36185\/2532-1900-031","volume":"39","author":"FL Mastaglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mastaglia FL (2020) The changing spectrum of drug-induced myopathies. Acta Myol 39:283\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36185\/2532-1900-031","journal-title":"Acta Myol"},{"key":"12230_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters SA, Kley RA (2019) Toxic and drug-induced myopathies. In: Barkhof F, Jager R, Thurnher M, Rovira Ca\u00f1ellas A (eds) Clinical neuroradiology: the ESNR textbook. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61423-6_4-1"},{"key":"12230_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0732-6","volume":"20","author":"I Pinal-Fernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinal-Fernandez I, Casal-Dominguez M, Mammen AL (2018) Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Curr Rheumatol Rep 20:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-018-0732-6","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"12230_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0277-y","volume":"10","author":"S Suzuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suzuki S, Nishikawa A, Kuwana M et al (2015) Inflammatory myopathy with anti-signal recognition particle antibodies: case series of 100 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 10:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13023-015-0277-y","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"12230_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313166","volume":"87","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Watanabe Y, Uruha A, Suzuki S et al (2016) Clinical features and prognosis in anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR necrotising myopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 87:1038\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313166","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"12230_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.10.004","volume":"18","author":"J Damoiseaux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Damoiseaux J, Vulsteke J-B, Tseng C-W et al (2019) Autoantibodies in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: clinical associations and laboratory evaluation by mono- and multispecific immunoassays. Autoimmun Rev 18:293\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.10.004","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"12230_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000513","volume":"6","author":"J Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim J, Rietveld A, De Bleecker JL et al (2019) Seronegative patients form a distinctive subgroup of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 6:e513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000513","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"12230_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11447-7","volume":"270","author":"L Fionda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fionda L, Lauletta A, Leonardi L et al (2023) Muscle MRI in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM): implications for clinical management and treatment strategies. J Neurol 270:960\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11447-7","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"12230_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-025-00500-3","volume":"9","author":"AW Wilks","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wilks AW, Vakil-Gilani KM, Rooney WD et al (2025) MRI patterns of thigh muscle involvement in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and dermatomyositis. BMC Rheumatol 9:46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41927-025-00500-3","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.46497\/ArchRheumatol.2023.9597","volume":"38","author":"J Gon\u00e7alves J\u00fanior","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves J\u00fanior J, Mugii N, Tiharu Inaoka P et al (2023) Patients with inflammatory myopathies overlapping with systemic sclerosis: A Brazilian-Japanese bicentric study. Arch Rheumatol 38:138\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46497\/ArchRheumatol.2023.9597","journal-title":"Arch Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000536","volume":"30","author":"M Fredi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fredi M, Cavazzana I, Franceschini F (2018) The clinico-serological spectrum of overlap myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 30:637\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000536","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00064","volume":"7","author":"A Malik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malik A, Hayat G, Kalia JS, Guzman MA (2016) Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: clinical approach and management. Front Neurol 7:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2016.00064","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"12230_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.959653","volume":"9","author":"M Wells","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wells M, Alawi S, Thin KYM et al (2022) A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of antisynthetase syndrome. Front Med 9:959653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.959653","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"12230_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8528-9","volume":"52","author":"L Cavagna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cavagna L, Nu\u00f1o L, Scir\u00e8 CA et al (2017) Serum Jo-1 autoantibody and isolated arthritis in the antisynthetase syndrome: review of the literature and report of the experience of AENEAS collaborative group. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 52:71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-016-8528-9","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"12230_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/8xj0b9","volume":"40","author":"G Zanframundo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zanframundo G, Faghihi-Kashani S, Scir\u00e8 CA et al (2022) Defining anti-synthetase syndrome: a systematic literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 40:309\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/8xj0b9","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101503","volume":"34","author":"JL Marco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marco JL, Collins BF (2020) Clinical manifestations and treatment of antisynthetase syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 34:101503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101503","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1219-y","volume":"19","author":"H Andersson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andersson H, Kirkhus E, Garen T et al (2017) Comparative analyses of muscle MRI and muscular function in anti-synthetase syndrome patients and matched controls: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther 19:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-017-1219-y","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"12230_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20584601221075796","volume":"11","author":"N Matsuda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsuda N, Kobayashi S, Hasegawa O et al (2022) Subclinical involvement of the trunk muscles in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Acta Radiol Open 11:20584601221075796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20584601221075796","journal-title":"Acta Radiol Open"},{"key":"12230_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.006","volume":"11","author":"I Marie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marie I, Josse S, Decaux O et al (2012) Comparison of long-term outcome between anti-Jo1- and anti-PL7\/PL12 positive patients with antisynthetase syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 11:739\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.006","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"12230_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.09.008","volume":"41","author":"I Marie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marie I, Hatron PY, Dominique S et al (2012) Short-term and long-term outcome of anti-Jo1-positive patients with anti-Ro52 antibody. Semin Arthritis Rheum 41:890\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.09.008","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"12230_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2024-0945","volume":"52","author":"CM Coffey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coffey CM, Hulshizer CA, Crowson CS et al (2025) Epidemiology of antisynthetase syndrome and risk of malignancy in a population-based cohort (1998\u20132019). J Rheumatol 52:280\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.2024-0945","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.05.042","volume":"138","author":"L Bucy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bucy L, Devilliers H, Decker P et al (2025) Association of cancer and anti-synthetase syndrome: a retrospective multicenter study. Am J Med 138:1418\u20131427.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.05.042","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"12230_CR63","first-page":"1897","volume":"29","author":"E Dion","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dion E, Cherin P, Payan C et al (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging criteria for distinguishing between inclusion body myositis and polymyositis. J Rheumatol 29:1897\u20131906","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S295","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc18s295","volume":"20","author":"DA May","year":"2000","unstructured":"May DA, Disler DG, Jones EA et al (2000) Abnormal signal intensity in skeletal muscle at MR imaging: patterns, pearls, and pitfalls. Radiographics 20:S295\u2013S315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc18s295","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"12230_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000850","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2018-000850","volume":"5","author":"T Ukichi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ukichi T, Yoshida K, Matsushima S et al (2019) MRI of skeletal muscles in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: characteristic findings and diagnostic performance in dermatomyositis. RMD Open 5:e000850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2018-000850","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"12230_CR66","first-page":"1098","volume":"34","author":"N Pipitone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pipitone N, Notarnicola A, Levrini G et al (2016) Do dermatomyositis and polymyositis affect similar thigh muscles? A comparative MRI-based study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 34:1098\u20131100","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2078309","volume":"18","author":"JE Naschitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naschitz JE (2022) Clinical guide to eosinophilic fasciitis: straddling dermatology and rheumatology. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 18:649\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2078309","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"12230_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2025.05.004","volume":"46","author":"M Biteau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Biteau M, Sibaud V, Maria A et al (2025) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related eosinophilic fasciitis: 3 case reports with literature review. Rev Med Interne 46:377\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.revmed.2025.05.004","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"12230_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-024-00222-6","volume":"11","author":"A Selva-O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Selva-O\u2019Callaghan A, Trallero-Aragu\u00e1s E, Gil-Vila A et al (2025) Treatment and monitoring of eosinophilic fasciitis. Curr Treat Options Rheumatol 11:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40674-024-00222-6","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Rheumatol"},{"key":"12230_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031982","volume":"24","author":"D Mazilu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazilu D, Bolta\u0219iu T\u0103taru LA, Mardale D-A et al (2023) Eosinophilic fasciitis: current and remaining challenges. Int J Mol Sci 24:1982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24031982.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12230_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2019.03.001","volume":"68","author":"H Ihn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ihn H (2019) Eosinophilic fasciitis: From pathophysiology to treatment. Allergol Int 68:437\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alit.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"12230_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5334\/jbsr.2805","volume":"106","author":"M Kubincov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kubincov\u00e1 M, Vanhoenacker FM (2022) MRI findings of eosinophilic fasciitis. J Belg Soc Radiol 106:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/jbsr.2805","journal-title":"J Belg Soc Radiol"},{"key":"12230_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.7110","volume":"55","author":"H Takei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takei H, Hanaoka H, Kaneko Y et al (2016) Intriguing findings of the muscle on magnetic resonance imaging in polyarteritis nodosa. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn 55:3197\u20133200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.7110","journal-title":"Intern Med Tokyo Jpn"},{"key":"12230_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.14774","volume":"206","author":"Y Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang Y, Hong SH, Yoo HJ et al (2016) Muscle involvement in polyarteritis nodosa: report of eight cases with characteristic contrast enhancement pattern on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 206:378\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.15.14774","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12230_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.12.1107","volume":"61","author":"S Gallien","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gallien S, Mahr A, R\u00e9ty F et al (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscle involvement in limb restricted vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 61:1107\u20131109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.61.12.1107","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"12230_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2017.06.010","volume":"15","author":"R Calvo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calvo R, Negri M, Ortiz A et al (2019) Myositis as the initial presentation of panarteritis nodosa. Reumatol Clin 15:e24\u2013e26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reuma.2017.06.010","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin"},{"key":"12230_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.12.002","volume":"50","author":"LR Ganeshanandan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganeshanandan LR, Brusch AM, Dyke JM, McLean-Tooke APC (2020) Polyarteritis nodosa isolated to muscles\u2014a case series with a review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 50:503\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.12.002","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"12230_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e265020","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2025-265020","volume":"18","author":"E Semple","year":"2025","unstructured":"Semple E, Vallelian F, H\u00f6tker A, Hortobagyi T (2025) Muscular polyarteritis nodosa: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. BMJ Case Rep 18:e265020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2025-265020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12230-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12230-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12230-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:03:12Z","timestamp":1776380592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12230-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["12230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12230-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr. Julio Brand\u00e3o Guimar\u00e3es, MD, PhD.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was not required for this study because all imaging data were acquired as part of routine diagnostic procedures and are presented strictly for illustrative purposes. Patient anonymity has been preserved, and no identifiable personal information is disclosed.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This manuscript is a narrative review. The illustrative imaging examples are fully anonymized archival cases used solely for educational purposes. No patient-identifying data were collected or analyzed, so formal Institutional Review Board\/ethics committee approval was not required.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Some study subjects or cohorts have not been previously reported or submitted for publication.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}