{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T13:04:56Z","timestamp":1779800696413,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12295-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:45:49Z","timestamp":1767714349000},"page":"4647-4657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A multicenter multinational retrospective study of the 1-year natural history of LI-RADS 3 observations in patients with cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Asmundo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Mercaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirkasra","family":"Mojtahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Hesami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino Andrea","family":"Blandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Vernuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saubhagya","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjiri","family":"Dighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Dhyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dushyant","family":"Sahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Sgrazzutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Renzulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Fanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhan","family":"Irun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Brancatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Vanzulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Sirlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avinash R.","family":"Kambadakone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7733-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onofrio A.","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"12295_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084188","volume":"25","author":"D Gabbia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gabbia D, De Martin S (2024) Insights into hepatocellular carcinoma: from pathophysiology to novel therapies. Int J Mol Sci 25:4188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25084188","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12295_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08904-3","volume":"21","author":"J Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding J, Wen Z (2021) Survival improvement and prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of the SEER database. BMC Cancer 21:1157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-021-08904-3","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"12295_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12224","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512224","volume":"24","author":"B Foglia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foglia B, Turato C, Cannito S (2023) Hepatocellular carcinoma: latest research in pathogenesis, detection and treatment. Int J Mol Sci 24:12224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512224","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12295_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2010-S4-05","volume":"15","author":"AP Venook","year":"2010","unstructured":"Venook AP, Papandreou C, Furuse J, Ladr\u00f3n de Guevara L (2010) The incidence and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: a global and regional perspective. Oncologist 15:5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2010-S4-05","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"12295_CR5","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2025) Cancer facts & figures 2025. American Cancer Society, Atlanta"},{"key":"12295_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2445525","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.45525","volume":"7","author":"S Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu S, Cai J, Yang Z et al (2024) Trends in hepatocellular carcinoma mortality rates in the US and projections through 2040. JAMA Netw Open 7:e2445525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.45525","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"12295_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0052","volume":"16","author":"AM Covey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Covey AM (2018) Hepatocellular carcinoma: updates to screening and diagnosis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 16:663\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0052","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"12295_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29913","volume":"68","author":"JA Marrero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB et al (2018) Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 68:723\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29913","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"12295_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018181494","volume":"289","author":"V Chernyak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Kamaya A et al (2018) Liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) version 2018: imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in at-risk patients. Radiology 289:816\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2018181494","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12295_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hannan LM, Ojeda PI, Mieloszyk RJ et al (2021) Clinicoradiographic predictors of progression of an intermediate hepatic lesion (LI-RADS 3) to hepatocellular carcinoma (LI-RADS 5). Hepatoma Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/2394-5079.2021.110","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-5079.2021.110"},{"key":"12295_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03201-2","volume":"24","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Xv H, Du Y et al (2024) Optimizing LI-RADS: ancillary features screened from LR-3\/4 categories can improve the diagnosis of HCC on MRI. BMC Gastroenterol 24:117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-024-03201-2","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"12295_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152173","volume":"281","author":"M Tanabe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanabe M, Kanki A, Wolfson T et al (2016) Imaging outcomes of liver imaging reporting and data system version 2014 category 2, 3, and 4 observations detected at CT and MR imaging. Radiology 281:129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2016152173","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12295_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06058-2","volume":"29","author":"CW Hong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hong CW, Park CC, Mamidipalli A et al (2019) Longitudinal evolution of CT and MRI LI-RADS v2014 category 1, 2, 3, and 4 observations. Eur Radiol 29:5073\u20135081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-019-06058-2","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12295_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.042","volume":"21","author":"A Arvind","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arvind A, Joshi S, Zaki T et al (2023) Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with indeterminate (LI-RADS 3) liver observations. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:1091\u20131093.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.042","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"12295_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1001683","volume":"365","author":"HB El-Serag","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Serag HB (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365:1118\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1001683","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12295_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.08.012","volume":"75","author":"GN Ioannou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ioannou GN (2021) Epidemiology and risk-stratification of NAFLD-associated HCC. J Hepatol 75:1476\u20131484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.08.012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"12295_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24370","volume":"54","author":"JL Dienstag","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dienstag JL, Ghany MG, Morgan TR et al (2011) A prospective study of the rate of progression in compensated, histologically advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 54:396\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.24370","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"12295_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.019","volume":"69","author":"PR Galle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galle PR, Forner A, Llovet JM et al (2018) EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 69:182\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"12295_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24199","volume":"53","author":"J Bruix","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bruix J, Sherman M (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update \u0394\u03c3. Hepatology 53:1020\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.24199","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"12295_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang B-H, Yang B-H, Tang Z-Y (2004) Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-004-0552-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-004-0552-0"},{"key":"12295_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.064","volume":"154","author":"K Tzartzeva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE et al (2018) Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 154:1706\u20131718.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.064","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"12295_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24033","volume":"53","author":"JA Marrero","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marrero JA, El-Serag HB (2011) Alpha-fetoprotein should be included in the hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases \u0394. Hepatology 53:1060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.24033","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"12295_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.02.005","volume":"12","author":"P Mettikanont","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mettikanont P, Kalluri A, Bittermann T et al (2022) The course of LIRADS 3 and 4 hepatic abnormalities as correlated with explant pathology: a single center experience. J Clin Exp Hepatol 12:1048\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.02.005","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"12295_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.21.26376","volume":"218","author":"D Ranathunga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ranathunga D, Osman H, Islam N et al (2022) Progression rates of LR-2 and LR-3 observations on MRI to higher LI-RADS categories in patients at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 218:462\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.21.26376","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12295_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.002","volume":"144","author":"V Hernandez\u2013Gea","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hernandez\u2013Gea V, Toffanin S, Friedman SL, Llovet JM (2013) Role of the microenvironment in the pathogenesis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 144:512\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"12295_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9422","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15069422","volume":"15","author":"T Tu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tu T, Budzinska M, Maczurek A et al (2014) Novel aspects of the liver microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis and development. Int J Mol Sci 15:9422\u20139458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms15069422","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"12295_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32740","volume":"77","author":"R Donne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donne R, Lujambio A (2023) The liver cancer immune microenvironment: Therapeutic implications for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 77:1773\u20131796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32740","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"12295_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen C, Wang Z, Ding Y, Qin Y (2023) Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1133308","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1133308"},{"key":"12295_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26562","volume":"28","author":"M Kanneganti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanneganti M, Marrero JA, Parikh ND et al (2022) Clinical outcomes of patients with liver imaging reporting and data system 3 or liver imaging reporting and data system 4 observations in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review. Liver Transplantation 28:1865\u20131875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.26562","journal-title":"Liver Transplantation"},{"key":"12295_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adamo RG, van der Pol CB, Alabousi M, et al (2025) Diagnostic performance of CT\/MRI LI-RADS version 2018 major feature combinations: individual participant data meta-analysis. Radiology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.243450","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.243450"},{"key":"12295_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.943","volume":"15","author":"AG Singal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singal AG, Lim JK, Kanwal F (2020) AGA clinical practice update on interaction between oral direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: expert review. Clin Liver Dis 15:211\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cld.943","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"12295_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-018-0424-8","volume":"17","author":"F Su","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su F, Ioannou GN (2018) The impact of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C on hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Curr Hepatol Rep 17:377\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11901-018-0424-8","journal-title":"Curr Hepatol Rep"},{"key":"12295_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gande.2022.10.001","volume":"1","author":"S Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu S, Yang L, Bi X et al (2023) Attach importance to antiviral therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma caused by hepatitis virus. Gastroenterol Endosc 1:5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gande.2022.10.001","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Endosc"},{"key":"12295_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Urase A, Tsurusaki M, Kozuki R et al (2025) Imaging characteristics of hypervascular focal nodular hyperplasia-like lesions in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v31.i2.98031","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i2.98031"},{"key":"12295_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.014","volume":"41","author":"O Nakashima","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nakashima O, Kurogi M, Yamaguchi R et al (2004) Unique hypervascular nodules in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: Identical to focal nodular hyperplasia-like nodules? J Hepatol 41:992\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.08.014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12295-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12295-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12295-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T12:25:18Z","timestamp":1779798318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12295-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["12295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12295-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Onofrio Antonio Catalano, MD, PhD, onofriocatalano@yahoo.it.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Guarantor"}},{"value":"N.M. is a member of the Scientific Editorial Board of European Radiology (section: Imaging Informatics and Artificial Intelligence) and, as such, did not participate in the selection or review processes of this article. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest or industry support related to this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"A professional statistician (co-author) with substantial expertise in statistical analysis contributed to this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statistics and biometry"}},{"value":"The requirement for written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design of the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board (protocol number: 2022P002547).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap"}},{"order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Methodology"}}]}}