{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:48:53Z","timestamp":1791938933362,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether adding an erosion-sensitive high-resolution 3D sequence to sacroiliac joint (SIJ) MRI protocols in children improves erosion detection and diagnosis of Juvenile Spondyloarthritis (JSpA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SIJ-MRI were prospectively obtained in 84 children (50 girls, mean age 13.3\u2009y) clinically suspected of JSpA, conforming to 2024 ASAS\/SPARTAN recommendations including a volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence. Three experienced radiologists recorded the presence of erosions, non-erosion bony defects, and the presence of JSpA, with confidence scoring for each, in 3 blinded re-randomized reading exercises: (1) T1-weighted spin-echo (T1) and short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences only; (2) VIBE only; (3) all sequences. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus read-out. The reference standard was rheumatologist diagnosis of JSpA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MRI was considered indicative of JSpA in 14 cases (16.7%) on T1\/STIR, 21 (25.0%) on VIBE only, and 15 (17.9%) with all sequences. In the three exercises, erosions were scored in 12 (14.3%), 22 (26.2%), and 13 (15.5%) cases, and non-erosion bony defects in 43 (51.2%), 79 (94.0%), and 80 (95.2%) cases. Sensitivity\/specificity for JSpA diagnosis was 34.6\/91.4%, 42.3\/82.8%, and 38.5\/91.4%, after consensus read-out 38.5\/94.8%. Mean absolute values of confidence scores significantly improved for all features after adding VIBE, although inter-reader agreement did not consistently improve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adding VIBE to T1\/STIR significantly increased reader confidence in JSpA diagnosis. However, a trend toward improved sensitivity and specificity was not statistically significant. If the ASAS-SPARTAN SIJ MRI protocol is applied to children, all sequences must be interpreted together to avoid mistaking non-erosion defects for true erosions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Question<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Can the recently published ASAS-SPARTAN adult standardized image acquisition protocol for sacroiliac joint MRI be used for diagnostic evaluation of sacroiliitis in children suspected for Juvenile Spondyloarthropathy (JSpA)?<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Findings<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>The ASAS\/SPARTAN recommendations including a high-resolution 3D erosion-sensitive sequence can also be applied to children, resulting in significantly increased reader confidence, with a trend toward improved sensitivity\/specificity for diagnosing JSpA, although not statistically significant.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>The ASAS-SPARTAN adult sacroiliac joint MRI protocol can also be beneficially applied to children, as long as all sequences are interpreted together to avoid mistaking non-erosion defects (almost universally seen on the 3D erosion-sensitive sequences in children) for true erosions.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-026-12709-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:53:37Z","timestamp":1782521617000},"page":"8062-8071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does adding a high-resolution 3D sequence improve the accuracy of erosion detection in pediatric sacroiliac joint MRI?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-0168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nele","family":"Herregods","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G. W.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Wichuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Schiettecatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Renson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke","family":"Dehoorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart B. O.","family":"Jans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob L.","family":"Jaremko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"12709_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2015.09.003","volume":"70","author":"N Herregods","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herregods N, Dehoorne J, Joos R et al (2015) Diagnostic value of MRI features of sacroiliitis in juvenile spondyloarthritis. Clin Radiol 70:1428\u20131438","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"12709_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-12-25","volume":"12","author":"C Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin C, MacKenzie JD, Courtier JL, Gu J, Milojevic D (2014) Magnetic resonance imaging findings in juvenile spondyloarthropathy and effects of treatment observed on subsequent imaging. Pediatr Rheumatol 12:25","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"key":"12709_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.131064","volume":"41","author":"JL Jaremko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jaremko JL, Liu L, Winn NJ, Ellsworth JE, Lambert RG (2014) Diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging and radiography in juvenile spondyloarthritis: evaluation of the sacroiliac joints in controls and affected subjects. J Rheumatol 41:963\u2013970","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"12709_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1342-9","volume":"19","author":"WP Maksymowych","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maksymowych WP, Wichuk S, Dougados M et al (2017) MRI evidence of structural changes in the sacroiliac joints of patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis even in the absence of MRI inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 19:126","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"12709_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208642","volume":"75","author":"RGW Lambert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lambert RGW, Bakker PAC, van der Heijde D et al (2016) Defining active sacroiliitis on MRI for classification of axial spondyloarthritis: update by the ASAS MRI Working group. Ann Rheum Dis 75:1958\u20131963","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"12709_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20312","volume":"62","author":"U Weber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weber U, Lambert RG, Pedersen SJ, Hodler J, \u00d8stergaard M, Maksymowych WP (2010) Assessment of structural lesions in sacroiliac joints enhances diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging in early spondylarthritis. Arthritis Care Res 62:1763\u20131771","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"12709_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209405","volume":"76","author":"PA Bakker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakker PA, van den Berg R, Lenczner G et al (2017) Can we use structural lesions seen on MRI of the sacroiliac joints reliably for the classification of patients according to the ASAS axial spondyloarthritis criteria? Data from the DESIR cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 76:392\u2013398","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"12709_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krabbe S, M\u00f8ller JM, Hadsbjerg AEF et al (2024) Detection of structural lesions of the sacroiliac joints in patients with spondyloarthritis: a comparison of T1\u2011weighted 3D spoiled gradient echo MRI and MRI\u2011based synthetic CT versus T1\u2011weighted turbo spin echo MRI. Skelet Radiol 53:2459\u20132468","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04669-5"},{"key":"12709_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201537","volume":"298","author":"LBO Jans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jans LBO, Chen M, Elewaut D et al (2021) MRI-based synthetic CT in the detection of structural lesions in patients with suspected sacroiliitis: comparison with MRI. Radiology 298:343\u2013349","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"12709_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213393","volume":"77","author":"T Diekhoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diekhoff T, Greese J, Sieper J, Poddubnyy D, Hamm B, Hermann KA (2018) Improved detection of erosions in the sacroiliac joints on MRI with volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE): results from the SIMACT study. Ann Rheum Dis 77:1585\u20131589","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"12709_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.181304","volume":"46","author":"X Baraliakos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baraliakos X, Hoffmann F, Deng X, Wang Y, Huang F, Braun J (2019) Detection of erosions in sacroiliac joints of patients with axial spondyloarthritis using the magnetic resonance imaging volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination. J Rheumatol 46:1445\u20131449","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"12709_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2010.05.019","volume":"17","author":"O Algin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Algin O, Gokalp G, Ocakoglu G (2010) Evaluation of bone cortex and cartilage of spondyloarthropathic sacroiliac joint: efficiency of different fat-saturated MRI sequences (T1-weighted, 3D-FLASH, and 3D-DESS). Acta Radiol 17:1292\u20131298","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"12709_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225882","volume":"83","author":"RGW Lambert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lambert RGW, Baraliakos X, Bernard SA et al (2024) Development of international consensus on a standardised image acquisition protocol for diagnostic evaluation of the sacroiliac joints by MRI: an ASAS-SPARTAN collaboration. Ann Rheum Dis 83:1628\u20131635","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"12709_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24746","volume":"75","author":"N Herregods","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herregods N, Lambert RGW, Schiettecatte E et al (2023) Blurring and irregularity of the subchondral cortex in pediatric sacroiliac joints on T1 images: incidence of normal findings that can mimic erosions. Arthritis Care Res 75:190\u2013197","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"12709_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20708","volume":"212","author":"NA Chauvin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chauvin NA, Xiao R, Brandon TG et al (2019) MRI of the sacroiliac joint in healthy children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 212:1303\u20131309","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"12709_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33:159\u2013174","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"12709_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.08.1.p023","volume":"8","author":"KA Hallgren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hallgren KA (2012) Computing inter-rater reliability for observational data: an overview and tutorial. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol 8:23\u201334","journal-title":"Tutor Quant Methods Psychol"},{"key":"12709_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215589","volume":"78","author":"WP Maksymowych","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maksymowych WP, Lambert RGW, \u00d8stergaard M et al (2019) MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joints of patients with spondyloarthritis: an update of definitions and validation by the ASAS MRI working group. Ann Rheum Dis 78:1550\u20131558","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"12709_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab543","volume":"61","author":"WP Maksymowych","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maksymowych WP, \u00d8stergaard M, Landew\u00e9 R et al (2022) Impact of filgotinib on sacroiliac joint magnetic resonance imaging structural lesions at 12 weeks in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (TORTUGA trial). Rheumatology 61:2063\u20132071","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"12709_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-274","volume":"14","author":"B Arnbak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arnbak B, Jensen TS, Manniche C, Zejden A, Egund N, Jurik AG (2013) Spondyloarthritis-related and degenerative MRI changes in the axial skeleton\u2014an inter- and intra-observer agreement study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 14:274","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"12709_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194564","volume":"10","author":"TM Otobo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Otobo TM, Herregods N, Jaremko JL et al (2021) Reliability of the preliminary OMERACT juvenile idiopathic arthritis MRI score (OMERACT JAMRIS-SIJ). J Clin Med 10:4564","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"12709_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.07.009","volume":"51","author":"N Herregods","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herregods N, Maksymowych WP, Jans L et al (2021) Atlas of MRI findings of sacroiliitis in pediatric sacroiliac joints to accompany the updated preliminary OMERACT pediatric JAMRIS (juvenile idiopathic arthritis MRI score) scoring system. Part II: Structural damage lesions. Semin Arthritis Rheum 51:1099\u20131107","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"12709_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-017-0159-z","volume":"15","author":"N Herregods","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herregods N, Dehoorne J, Van den Bosch F et al (2017) ASAS definition for sacroiliitis on MRI in SpA: applicable to children? Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 15:24","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12709-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12709-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12709-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:02:11Z","timestamp":1791936131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12709-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["12709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12709-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Nele Herregods.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Guarantor","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"One of the authors (Stephanie Wichuk) has significant statistical expertise.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statistics and biometry","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in this study and from their parents.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"This prospective study was approved by the Ghent University Hospital Ethics Committee.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"None.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Methodology","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}