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E.S. has relationships with 12 Sigmas Medical Imaging, Bracco Diagnostics, GE Healthcare, Gammex\/Sun Nuclear, METIS Health Analytics, Siemens Healthineers, medInt Holdings, and Imbio. Unrelated to this study, E.A. reports research grants from Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare, and Canon Medical Systems. No conflicts of interest exist for M.G.N, B.O.\u2019S.-M., N.R.M., and D.L. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statistics and biometry","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Some study subjects or cohorts included in this analysis have been previously reported in earlier studies, as COPDGene is a long-standing longitudinal, multi-site study that has been widely used by multiple research groups over many years.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Methodology","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}