{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:49:33Z","timestamp":1792090173870,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer (PCa) remains controversial due to uncertain long-term benefits, overdiagnosis, and overtreatment of indolent disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has transformed the diagnostic pathway of PCa and is increasingly explored as a screening tool. This special report from the ESUR Prostate MRI Working Group provides an overview of current evidence and insights into the potential role of MRI in PCa screening. MRI-based screening strategies appear to improve detection of clinically significant PCa while reducing unnecessary biopsies and diagnoses of non-significant disease, though long-term outcome data, including mortality impact and interval cancer rates, remain limited. Biparametric MRI is particularly suited for screening due to its shorter acquisition time, reduced operational complexity, and lower costs compared with multiparametric MRI. Two main implementation approaches have emerged: MRI-first pathways, which maximise detection but require substantial resources, and risk-stratified strategies, in which MRI is used after initial assessment (e.g. PSA), potentially offering greater feasibility and cost-effectiveness. Evidence from large trials supports integrating MRI into screening pathways, particularly as a reflex test after PSA screening, although uncertainties remain regarding optimal protocols, interpretation thresholds, follow-up strategies, and long-term outcomes. Key barriers include limited MRI capacity, economic considerations, and the need for standardisation and quality assurance. Advances in artificial intelligence may further enhance efficiency. Overall, MRI has the potential to improve the balance between benefits and harms in PCa screening, but further evidence is required to define its optimal implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Question<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Can prostate MRI be effectively integrated into population-based prostate cancer screening pathways?<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Findings<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>MRI-based screening improves detection of csPCa while reducing unnecessary biopsies; biparametric MRI should be the protocol of choice to enhance feasibility, although optimal implementation and long-term outcomes remain uncertain<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>MRI may overcome key limitations of PSA-based screening by enhancing the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer while reducing harms such as overdiagnosis and unnecessary biopsies<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-026-12863-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:03:07Z","timestamp":1792087387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prostate cancer screening with MRI: insights from the ESUR Prostate MRI Working Group"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Brembilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Barret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iztok","family":"Caglic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Cuocolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"de Rooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Garcia","family":"Figueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossano","family":"Girometti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adalgisa","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie Alexander","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Manenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ponsiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00eble Renard","family":"Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Richenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evis","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Thoeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet T.","family":"Turgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan C.","family":"Vilanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam J.","family":"Withey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeries","family":"Zawaideh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelle","family":"Barentsz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3091-8192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Panebianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the ESUR Prostate MRI Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"12863_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H et al (2024) Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 74:229\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21834","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"12863_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112459","volume":"10","author":"A Patasius","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patasius A, Smailyte G (2021) All-cause mortality risk in national prostate cancer cohort: an impact of population-based prostate cancer screening. J Clin Med 10:2459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10112459","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"12863_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-024-01831-w","volume":"129","author":"L Laschena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laschena L, Messina E, Flammia RS et al (2024) What the urologist needs to know before radical prostatectomy: MRI effective support to pre-surgery planning. Radiol Med 129:1048\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-024-01831-w","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"12863_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2209151","volume":"388","author":"PF Pinsky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pinsky PF, Parnes H (2023) Screening for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 388:1405\u20131414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp2209151","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.0734","volume":"10","author":"T Fazekas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fazekas T, Shim SR, Basile G et al (2024) Magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 10:745\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.0734","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa031918","volume":"350","author":"IM Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ et al (2004) Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med 350:2239\u20132246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa031918","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k3519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3519","volume":"362","author":"D Ilic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ilic D, Djulbegovic M, Jung JH et al (2018) Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 362:k3519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k3519","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"12863_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.02.009","volume":"76","author":"J Hugosson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, M\u00e5nsson M et al (2019) A 16-yr follow-up of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (figure presented). Eur Urol 76:43\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.02.009","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2017.1411392","volume":"52","author":"J Hugosson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hugosson J, Godtman RA, Carlsson SV et al (2018) Eighteen-year follow-up of the G\u00f6teborg Randomized Population-based Prostate Cancer Screening Trial: effect of sociodemographic variables on participation, prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Scand J Urol 52:27\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21681805.2017.1411392","journal-title":"Scand J Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60525-0","volume":"384","author":"FH Schr\u00f6der","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ et al (2014) Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. Lancet 384:2027\u20132035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60525-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.03.027","volume":"86","author":"P Cornford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cornford P, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E et al (2024) EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer\u20142024 Update. Part I: Screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol 86:148\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.03.027","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2023.05.011","volume":"53","author":"O M\u00e1jek","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00e1jek O, Babjuk M, Roobol MJ et al (2023) How to follow the new EU Council recommendation and improve prostate cancer early detection: the Prostaforum 2022 declaration. Eur Urol Open Sci 53:106\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2023.05.011","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"key":"12863_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2021.06.006","volume":"4","author":"H Van Poppel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Poppel H, Hogenhout R, Albers P et al (2021) A European model for an organised risk-stratified early detection programme for prostate cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 4:731\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euo.2021.06.006","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003491","volume":"210","author":"JT Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S et al (2023) Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA\/SUO Guideline Part I: prostate cancer screening. J Urol 210:46\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000003491","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR15","unstructured":"Prostate Cancer-UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC)-GOV.UK (2026) https:\/\/view-health-screening-recommendations.service.gov.uk\/prostate-cancer\/. Accessed 24 Feb 2026"},{"key":"12863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1801993","volume":"378","author":"V Kasivisvanathan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M et al (2018) MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate-cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med 378:1767\u20131777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1801993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12863_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.13722","volume":"334","author":"ABCD Ng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ng ABCD, Asif A, Agarwal R et al (2025) Biparametric vs. multiparametric MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis: the PRIME diagnostic clinical trial. JAMA 334:1170\u20131179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.13722","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12863_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020231","volume":"12","author":"G Brembilla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brembilla G, Giganti F, Sidhu H et al (2022) Diagnostic accuracy of abbreviated bi-parametric MRI (a-bpMRI) for prostate cancer detection and screening: a multi-reader study. Diagnostics (Basel) 12:231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12020231","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"12863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048144","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048144","volume":"11","author":"T Marsden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marsden T, Lomas DJ, McCartan N et al (2021) ReIMAGINE prostate cancer screening study: protocol for a single-centre feasibility study inviting men for prostate cancer screening using MRI. BMJ Open 11:e048144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048144","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"12863_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15070284","volume":"15","author":"S Ursprung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ursprung S, Agrotis G, van Houdt PJ et al (2025) Prostate MRI using deep learning reconstruction in response to cancer screening demands-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pers Med 15:284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15070284","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"12863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110758","volume":"162","author":"S Prabhakar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prabhakar S, Schieda N (2023) Patient preparation for prostate MRI: a scoping review. Eur J Radio 162:110758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110758","journal-title":"Eur J Radio"},{"key":"12863_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.02.033","volume":"76","author":"B Turkbey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turkbey B, Rosenkrantz AB, Haider MA et al (2019) Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1: 2019 update of prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2. Eur Urol 76:340\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.02.033","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110849","volume":"164","author":"G Brembilla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brembilla G, Lavalle S, Parry T et al (2023) Impact of prostate imaging quality (PI-QUAL) score on the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer at biopsy. Eur J Radiol 164:110849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110849","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20211372","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20211372","volume":"95","author":"E Karanasios","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karanasios E, Caglic I, Zawaideh JP, Barrett T (2022) Prostate MRI quality: clinical impact of the PI-QUAL score in prostate cancer diagnostic work-up. Br J Radio 95:20211372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20211372","journal-title":"Br J Radio"},{"key":"12863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10795-4","volume":"34","author":"M de Rooij","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Rooij M, Allen C, Twilt JJ et al (2024) PI-QUAL version 2: an update of a standardised scoring system for the assessment of image quality of prostate MRI. Eur Radiol 34:7068\u20137079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-024-10795-4 2024 34:11","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2024.04.008","volume":"21","author":"AS Purysko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Purysko AS, Zacharias-Andrews K, Tomkins KG et al (2024) Improving prostate MR image quality in practice\u2014initial results from the ACR prostate MR image quality improvement collaborative. J Am Coll Radiol 21:1464\u20131474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2024.04.008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2024.100625","volume":"14","author":"J Wallstr\u00f6m","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wallstr\u00f6m J, Thimansson E, Andersson J et al (2025) An online national quality assessment survey of prostate MRI reading: interreader variability in prostate volume measurement and PI-RADS classification. Eur J Radio Open 14:100625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejro.2024.100625","journal-title":"Eur J Radio Open"},{"key":"12863_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2025.05.008","volume":"77","author":"J Wallstr\u00f6m","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wallstr\u00f6m J, Alterbeck M, Godtman RA et al (2025) A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging assessment and biopsy outcomes with and without central review in two Swedish Regional Organized Prostate Cancer Testing Programs. Eur Urol Open Sci 77:32\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2025.05.008","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"key":"12863_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.06.079","volume":"196","author":"AB Rosenkrantz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenkrantz AB, Verma S, Choyke P et al (2016) Prostate magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy in patients with a prior negative biopsy: a consensus statement by AUA and SAR. J Urol 196:1613\u20131618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2016.06.079","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4908","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07545-7","volume":"31","author":"V Bura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bura V, Caglic I, Snoj Z et al (2021) MRI features of the normal prostatic peripheral zone: the relationship between age and signal heterogeneity on T2WI, DWI, and DCE sequences. Eur Radiol 31:4908\u20134917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-020-07545-7","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Messina E, Ludovica L, Borrelli A et al (2026) Contrast-free MRI-first screening in young asymptomatic men: Prostate characteristics and cancer detection rates. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-026-01116-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-026-01116-5"},{"key":"12863_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.09.027","volume":"85","author":"M Boschheidgen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boschheidgen M, Albers P, Schlemmer HP et al (2024) Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer screening at the Age of 45 years: results from the first screening round of the PROBASE trial. Eur Urol 85:105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.09.027","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2025.05.038","volume":"88","author":"IG Schoots","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schoots IG, Ahmed HU, Albers P et al (2025) Magnetic resonance imaging\u2013based biopsy strategies in prostate cancer screening: a systematic review. Eur Urol 88:247\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2025.05.038","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12244-2","volume":"2025","author":"O Bratt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bratt O (2025) Efficacy endpoints of MRI-based prostate cancer screening: an epidemiological perspective. Eur Radiol 2025:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12244-2","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12250-4","volume":"2026","author":"N Thorley","year":"2026","unstructured":"Thorley N, Parry T, Brembilla G et al (2026) Diagnostic accuracy of a \u2018stage-gated\u2019 approach for reporting prostate screening MRI: \u201cIs less more?\u201d. Eur Radiol 2026:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12250-4","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2354577","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54577","volume":"7","author":"T Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nordstr\u00f6m T, Annerstedt M, Glaessgen A et al (2024) Repeated prostate cancer screening using prostate-specific antigen testing and magnetic resonance imaging: a secondary analysis of the STHLM3-MRI randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 7:e2354577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54577","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"12863_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2406050","volume":"391","author":"J Hugosson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hugosson J, Godtman RA, Wallstrom J et al (2024) Results after four years of screening for prostate cancer with PSA and MRI. N Engl J Med 391:1083\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa2406050","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12863_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjonc-2023-000057","volume":"2","author":"CM Moore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moore CM, Frangou E, McCartan N et al (2023) Prevalence of MRI lesions in men responding to a GP-led invitation for a prostate health check: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Oncol 2:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjonc-2023-000057","journal-title":"BMJ Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-025-01048-6","volume":"2025","author":"JH Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim JH, Lo CYZ, Sultana R et al (2025) Primary MRI versus PSA-gated scans in Prostate Cancer Screening\u2013how ready is it for mainstream implementation. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2025:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-025-01048-6","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"12863_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2556732","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.56732","volume":"9","author":"M Lindholz","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lindholz M, B\u00fclow R, Schoots IG et al (2026) Clinical and liquid biomarkers of 20-year prostate cancer risk in men aged 45 to 70 years. JAMA Netw Open 9:e2556732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.56732","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"12863_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.7456","volume":"7","author":"D Eldred-Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eldred-Evans D, Burak P, Connor MJ et al (2021) Population-based prostate cancer screening with magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasonography: the IP1-PROSTAGRAM study. JAMA Oncol 7:395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.7456","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e059482","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059482","volume":"12","author":"R Nam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nam R, Patel C, Milot L et al (2022) Prostate MRI versus PSA screening for prostate cancer detection (the MVP Study): a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 12:e059482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059482","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"12863_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2024.02.006","volume":"10","author":"C Wetterauer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wetterauer C, Matthias M, Pueschel H et al (2024) Opportunistic prostate cancer screening with biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (VISIONING). Eur Urol Focus 10:332\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2024.02.006","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"12863_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2025.11.024","volume":"89","author":"E Messina","year":"2026","unstructured":"Messina E, Borrelli A, Sciarra A et al (2026) Primary noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer screening: a randomized clinical trial (PROSA). Eur Urol 89:246\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2025.11.024","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2209454","volume":"387","author":"J Hugosson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hugosson J, M\u00e5nsson M, Wallstr\u00f6m J et al (2022) Prostate cancer screening with PSA and MRI followed by targeted biopsy only. N Engl J Med 387:2126\u20132137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa2209454","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12863_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.3841","volume":"331","author":"A Auvinen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Auvinen A, Tammela TLJ, Mirtti T et al (2024) Prostate cancer screening with PSA, Kallikrein panel, and MRI: the proscreen randomized trial. JAMA 331:1452\u20131459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.3841","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12863_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00348-X","volume":"22","author":"T Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nordstr\u00f6m T, Discacciati A, Bergman M et al (2021) Prostate cancer screening using a combination of risk-prediction, MRI, and targeted prostate biopsies (STHLM3-MRI): a prospective, population-based, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 22:1240\u20131249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00348-X","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR48","unstructured":"EUR-Lex-32022H1213(01)-EN-EUR-Lex (2026) https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=oj:JOC_2022_473_R_0001. Accessed 24 Feb 2026"},{"key":"12863_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.11.013","volume":"85","author":"O Bratt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bratt O, Godtman RA, Jiborn T et al (2024) Population-based organised prostate cancer testing: results from the first invitation of 50-year-old men. Eur Urol 85:207\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.11.013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.09.003","volume":"70","author":"A Chandran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chandran A, van Harten M, Singh D et al (2024) Risk-stratified approach to implementing population-based prostate cancer screening in five pilot sites in the European Union: a protocol for the PRAISE-U project. Eur Urol Open Sci 70:8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2024.09.003","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"key":"12863_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klimowska-Nassar N, Ahmed H, Rawlins F (2025) Trial of randomised approaches for National Screening FOR Men (TRANSFORM). http:\/\/isrctn.com\/. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ISRCTN13801649","DOI":"10.1186\/ISRCTN13801649"},{"key":"12863_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3932","volume":"10","author":"AM Getaneh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Getaneh AM, Heijnsdijk EAM, de Koning HJ (2021) Cost-effectiveness of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and MRI-guided biopsy in a population-based prostate cancer screening setting using a micro-simulation model. Cancer Med 10:4046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.3932","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"12863_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2037657","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37657","volume":"4","author":"T Callender","year":"2021","unstructured":"Callender T, Emberton M, Morris S et al (2021) Benefit, harm, and cost-effectiveness associated with magnetic resonance imaging before biopsy in age-based and risk-stratified screening for prostate cancer. JAMA Netw Open 4:e2037657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37657","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"12863_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.04.036","volume":"86","author":"P Vynckier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vynckier P, Annemans L, Raes S et al (2024) Systematic review on the cost effectiveness of prostate cancer screening in Europe. Eur Urol 86:400\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.04.036","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35513","volume":"157","author":"MT Muchadeyi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Muchadeyi MT, Hao S, Hernandez-Villafuerte K et al (2025) Cost effectiveness analysis of prostate cancer screening strategies in Germany: a microsimulation study. Int J Cancer 157:1662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.35513","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"12863_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Washington C, Goldstein DA, Moore A et al (2022) Health disparities in prostate cancer and approaches to advance equitable care. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 360\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/edbk_350751","DOI":"10.1200\/edbk_350751"},{"key":"12863_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.11.003","volume":"7","author":"RA Godtman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Godtman RA, Pettersson C, Svensson L et al (2024) Men\u2019s acceptance of screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen, magnetic resonance imaging, and prostate biopsy. Eur Urol Oncol 7:553\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euo.2023.11.003","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.16735","volume":"136","author":"K Olsson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Olsson K, Delilovic S, Enelius MB et al (2025) Men\u2019s experiences of the Swedish organised prostate cancer testing programme: a qualitative study. BJU Int 136:254\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.16735","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"12863_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.21037\/TAU.2017.12.31","volume":"7","author":"IG Schoots","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schoots IG (2018) MRI in early prostate cancer detection: how to manage indeterminate or equivocal PI-RADS 3 lesions. Transl Androl Urol 7:70\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/TAU.2017.12.31","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batouche AO, Czeizler E, Lehto T-P et al (2024) MRI-targeted prostate biopsy introduces grade inflation and overtreatment. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.01.10.24300922","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.10.24300922"},{"key":"12863_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5828","DOI":"10.1007\/S00330-023-09605-0","volume":"33","author":"E Messina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Messina E, Pecoraro M, Laschena L et al (2023) Low cancer yield in PI-RADS 3 upgraded to 4 by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: is it time to reconsider scoring categorization. Eur Radio 33:5828\u20135839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00330-023-09605-0","journal-title":"Eur Radio"},{"key":"12863_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261-","DOI":"10.1186\/S13244-025-02147-7","volume":"16","author":"V Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang V, Dang H, Thimansson E et al (2025) Incidental findings on prostate MRI in a population-based screening setting. Insights Imaging 16:261-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13244-025-02147-7","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"12863_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad028","volume":"115","author":"K Selby","year":"2023","unstructured":"Selby K, Sedki M, Levine E et al (2023) Test performance metrics for breast, cervical, colon, and lung cancer screening: a systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst 115:375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djad028","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"12863_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00220-1","volume":"25","author":"A Saha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saha A, Bosma JS, Twilt JJ et al (2024) Artificial intelligence and radiologists in prostate cancer detection on MRI (PI-CAI): an international, paired, non-inferiority, confirmatory study. Lancet Oncol 25:879\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00220-1","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamm CA, Baumg\u00e4rtner GL, Biessmann F et al (2023) Interactive explainable deep learning model informs prostate cancer diagnosis at MRI. Radiology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.222276","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222276"},{"key":"12863_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-12269-7","volume":"2026","author":"E Messina","year":"2026","unstructured":"Messina E, Borrelli A, Mezzapesa F et al (2026) Artificial intelligence-assisted reading of non-contrast prostate MRI: application and concordance with expert interpretation in a screening population within the PROSA trial. Eur Radiol 2026:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-12269-7","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11498-0","volume":"35","author":"AR Padhani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Padhani AR, Papanikolaou N (2025) AI and human interactions in prostate cancer diagnosis using MRI. Eur Radiol 35:5695\u20135700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11498-0","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"12863_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00522-2","volume":"22","author":"EK Bancroft","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bancroft EK, Page EC, Brook MN et al (2021) A prospective prostate cancer screening programme for men with pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes (IMPACT): initial results from an international prospective study. Lancet Oncol 22:1618\u20131631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00522-2","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-022-00609-3","volume":"26","author":"F Marino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marino F, Totaro A, Gandi C et al (2022) Germline mutations in prostate cancer: a systematic review of the evidence for personalized medicine. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 26:655\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-022-00609-3","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"12863_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-023-00676-0","volume":"27","author":"H Tuffaha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tuffaha H, Edmunds K, Fairbairn D et al (2023) Guidelines for genetic testing in prostate cancer: a scoping review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 27:594\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-023-00676-0","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"12863_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EUO.2024.01.015","volume":"7","author":"AE Amini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amini AE, Hunter AE, Almashad A et al (2024) Magnetic resonance imaging\u2013based prostate cancer screening in carriers of pathogenic germline mutations: interim results from the initial screening round of the prostate cancer genetic risk evaluation and screening study. Eur Urol Oncol 7:1358\u20131366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EUO.2024.01.015","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/S43018-025-01103-0","volume":"7","author":"JL Vassy","year":"2026","unstructured":"Vassy JL, Dornisch AM, Karunamuni R et al (2026) Genomic risk model to implement precision prostate cancer screening in clinical care: the ProGRESS study. Nat Cancer 7:352\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S43018-025-01103-0","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"12863_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2407934","volume":"392","author":"JK McHugh","year":"2025","unstructured":"McHugh JK, Bancroft EK, Saunders E et al (2025) Assessment of a polygenic risk score in screening for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 392:1406\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa2407934","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"12863_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101470","volume":"9","author":"V Panebianco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panebianco V, Paci P, Pecoraro M et al (2021) Network analysis integrating microRNA expression profiling with MRI biomarkers and clinical data for prostate cancer early detection: a proof of concept study. Biomedicines 9:1470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9101470","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"12863_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.05.008","volume":"7","author":"M Pecoraro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pecoraro M, Catanzaro G, Conte F et al (2024) Prospective validation study of a novel integrated pathway based on clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers, and microRNAs for early detection of prostate cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 7:73\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euo.2023.05.008","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"12863_CR76","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2026) Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines. https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/health-care-professionals\/american-cancer-society-prevention-early-detection-guidelines\/prostate-cancer-screening-guidelines.html. Accessed 2 Mar 2026"},{"key":"12863_CR77","unstructured":"United States Preventive Services Taskforce (2026) Recommendation: Prostate Cancer: Screening. https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/prostate-cancer-screening. Accessed 2 Mar 2026"},{"key":"12863_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000004995","volume":"215","author":"DW Lin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lin DW, Carlsson S, Filson CP et al (2026) Updates to early detection of prostate cancer: AUA\/SUO guideline (2026). J Urol 215:491\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000004995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"12863_CR79","unstructured":"NCCN (2026) Prostate cancer early detection-guidelines detail. https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=2&id=1460&utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 2 Mar 2026"},{"key":"12863_CR80","unstructured":"EAU Guidelines on Prostate Cancer (2026) https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/prostate-cancer. Accessed 2 Mar 2026"}],"container-title":["European Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12863-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12863-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12863-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:03:09Z","timestamp":1792087389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12863-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["12863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-026-12863-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The scientific guarantor of this publication is Valeria Panebianco.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Guarantor","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Rossano Girometti is a Deputy Editor and Andrea Ponsiglione is a Junior Deputy Editor of European Radiology. Renato Cuocolo and Valeria Panebianco are members of the\n                      European Radiology\n                      Editorial Board. Therefore, they have not participated in the review or selection processes for this article. The remaining authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statistics and biometry","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Study subjects or cohorts overlap","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Methodology","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}