{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T19:16:49Z","timestamp":1781119009864,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Urol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-025-06056-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:33:34Z","timestamp":1761975214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Male reproductive and sexual health outcomes following intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Abou Chakra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Duquesne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ohlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.08.010","volume":"81","author":"M Babjuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Comp\u00e9rat EM, Dominguez Escrig JL et al (2022) European association of urology guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, and carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol 81(1):75\u201394","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6056_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1739-2","volume":"466","author":"E Comp\u00e9rat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Comp\u00e9rat E, Larr\u00e9 S, Roupret M, Neuzillet Y, Pignot G, Quintens H et al (2015) Clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer in patients less than 40 years old. Virchows Arch 466(5):589\u2013594","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2021.2002399","volume":"56","author":"B Russell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russell B, Liedberg F, Hagberg O, Ull\u00e9n A, S\u00f6derkvist K, Str\u00f6ck V et al (2022) Risk of bladder cancer death in patients younger than 50 with non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Scand J Urol 56(1):27\u201333","journal-title":"Scand J Urol"},{"key":"6056_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzbeierlein JM, Bixler BR, Buckley DI, Chang SS, Holmes R, James AC et al (2024) Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA\/SUO Guideline: 2024 Amendment. J Urol 211(4):533\u2013538. Erratum in: J Urol 212(6):936","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003846"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2021.09.022","volume":"40","author":"M Harvey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harvey M, Chislett B, Perera M, Lawrentschuk N, Bolton D, Jack G (2022) Critical shortage in BCG immunotherapy: how did we get here and where will it take us? Urol Oncol 40(1):1\u20133","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002957","volume":"209","author":"M Nazmifar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nazmifar M, Williams C, Naser-Tavakolian A, Heard J, Rosser C, Theodorescu D et al (2023) Clinical and preclinical therapies for bladder cancer following Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin failure. J Urol 209(1):32\u201348","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"6056_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.10.039","volume":"149","author":"GE Koch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koch GE, Smelser WW, Chang SS (2021) Side effects of intravesical BCG and chemotherapy for bladder cancer: what they are and how to manage them. Urology 149:11\u201320","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6056_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2310073","volume":"25","author":"M Abou Chakra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abou Chakra M, Packiam VT, Duquesne I, Peyromaure M, McElree IM, O\u2019Donnell MA (2024) Combination intravesical chemotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) as first-line or rescue therapy: where do we stand now? Expert Opin Pharmacother 25(2):203\u2013214","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"6056_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1986.tb00927.x","volume":"7","author":"RK Naz","year":"1986","unstructured":"Naz RK, Talwar GP (1986) Reversibility of azoospermia induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Androl 7(4):264\u2013269","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"6056_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(93)90046-A","volume":"47","author":"SK Singh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Singh SK, Rovan E, Frick J (1993) Intravasal application of BCG (Bacille calmette Guerin) is not an effective method for control of fertility in the male: a preliminary report. Contraception 47(3):303\u2013306","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"6056_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naz RK, Talwar GP (198) Immunological sterilization of male dogs by BCG. Int J Androl 4(1):111\u2009\u2013\u200928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1981.tb00697.x"},{"key":"6056_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.150423","volume":"4","author":"S Viveka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viveka S, Udyavar A, Shetty B, Kuriakose S, Sudha MJ (2015) Histomorphometric effects of gemcitabine on Swiss albino mice spermatogenesis. Adv Biomed Res 4:29","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6866(1990)2:1<13::AID-TCM1770020103>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"2","author":"G Ficsor","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ficsor G, Salama NM, Block KK, McIntire CL, Ginsberg LC (1982) Germ cell-specific decrease of acrosomal proteolytic activity, sperm motility, and number in mitomycin C-treated mice. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 2(1):13\u201318","journal-title":"Teratog Carcinog Mutagen"},{"issue":"2","key":"6056_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8246","volume":"147","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nakagawa S, Nakamura N, Fujioka M, Mori C (1997) Spermatogenic cell apoptosis induced by mitomycin C in the mouse testis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 147(2):204\u2013213","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6056_CR15","first-page":"1140","volume":"15","author":"MS Ashour","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashour MS, Hussein AA, Al-Shuwaili EHA, Hussin AM, Khalaf HH (2025) Histomorphological evaluation of docetaxel effects on testes and epididymides in Wistar rats. Open Vet J 15(3):1140\u20131149","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"6056_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.03.036","volume":"82","author":"M Maffezzini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maffezzini M, Campodonico F, Manuputty EE, Puntoni M, Martelli A, Marini V et al (2013) Systemic absorption and pharmacokinetics of single-dose early intravesical mitomycin C after transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urology 82(2):400\u2013404","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"14","key":"6056_CR17","first-page":"3314","volume":"53","author":"MG Wientjes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wientjes MG, Badalament RA, Wang RC, Hassan F, Au JL (1993) Penetration of mitomycin C in human bladder. Cancer Res 53(14):3314\u20133320","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"6056_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.05.094","volume":"74","author":"M Maffezzini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maffezzini M, Campodonico F, Puntoni M, Martelli A, Mattioli F (2009) Systemic absorption and pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravesical gemcitabine after transurethral resection of the bladder in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urology 74(5):1078\u20131083","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6056_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.09.028","volume":"21","author":"M Laufer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laufer M, Ramalingam S, Schoenberg MP, Haisfield-Wolf ME, Zuhowski EG, Trueheart IN et al (2003) Intravesical gemcitabine therapy for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a phase I and Pharmacokinetic study. J Clin Oncol 21(4):697\u2013703","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6056_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800050660","volume":"40","author":"D Song","year":"1997","unstructured":"Song D, Wientjes MG, Au JL (1997) Bladder tissue pharmacokinetics of intravesical taxol. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40(4):285\u2013292","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.06.112","volume":"75","author":"MA Laudano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laudano MA, Barlow LJ, Murphy AM, Petrylak DP, Desai M, Benson MC et al (2010) Long-term clinical outcomes of a phase I trial of intravesical docetaxel in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer refractory to standard intravesical therapy. Urology 75(1):134\u2013137","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-025-00259-0","volume":"35","author":"S Sahin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahin S, Ulus I, Canitez IO, Yentur S, Temiz MZ, Semercioz A (2025) The effect of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment on sperm parameters in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. Basic Clin Androl 35(1):17","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"6056_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2013.11.012","volume":"12","author":"M Garg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garg M, Sankhwar SN, Goel A, Kumar M, Singh BP, Singh V et al (2014) Effect of intravesical immunotherapy on sperm parameters in young patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma: prospective analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer 12(3):e83\u2013e86","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"6056_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.10.049","volume":"65","author":"G Raviv","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raviv G, Pinthus JH, Shefi S, Mor Y, Kaufman-Francis K, Levron J et al (2005) Effects of intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy on semen analysis. Urology 65(4):765\u2013767","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6056_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00762.x","volume":"39","author":"MC Sighinolfi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sighinolfi MC, Micali S, De Stefani S, Mofferdin A, Ferrari N, Giacometti M et al (2007) Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin intravesical instillation and erectile function: is there a concern? Andrologia 39(2):51\u201354","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"6056_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.06.016","volume":"19","author":"I Jubber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jubber I, Rogers Z, Catto JW, Bottomley S, Glaser A, Downing A et al (2022) Sexual Activity, function and dysfunction after a diagnosis of bladder cancer. J Sex Med 19(9):1431\u20131441","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6056_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.24","volume":"2","author":"MA Kowalkowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kowalkowski MA, Chandrashekar A, Amiel GE, Lerner SP, Wittmann DA, Latini DM et al (2014) Examining sexual dysfunction in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of cross-sectional mixed-methods research. Sex Med 2(3):141\u2013151","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"6056_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-024-04737-3","volume":"50","author":"M Naganatanahalli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naganatanahalli M, Afshari Mirak S, Ojili V, Ramaiya NH, Tirumani SH (2025) Intravesical BCG therapy: implications for radiologists in abdominal imaging follow-up. Abdom Radiol (NY) 50(7):3249\u20133261","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66952-4","volume":"10","author":"TJ Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim TJ, Yu YD, Hwang SI, Lee HJ, Hong SK, Lee SE et al (2020) Analysis of risk factors for post-bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced prostatitis in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Sci Rep 10(1):9763","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"6056_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000119","volume":"93","author":"MA P\u00e9rez-Jacoiste As\u00edn","year":"2014","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Jacoiste As\u00edn MA, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz M, L\u00f3pez-Medrano F, Lumbreras C, Tejido \u00c1, San Juan R et al (2014) Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) infection following intravesical BCG administration as adjunctive therapy for bladder cancer: incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a single-institution series and review of the literature. Med (Baltim) 93(17):236\u2013254","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"2","key":"6056_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.11.037","volume":"39","author":"P Cabas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabas P, Rizzo M, Giuffr\u00e8 M, Antonello RM, Trombetta C, Luzzati R et al (2021) BCG infection (BCGitis) following intravesical instillation for bladder cancer and time interval between treatment and presentation: a systematic review. Urol Oncol 39(2):85\u201392","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6056_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.08.001","volume":"86","author":"R Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li R, Hensley PJ, Gupta S, Al-Ahmadie H, Babjuk M, Black PC et al (2024) Bladder-sparing therapy for Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-unresponsive Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: international bladder cancer group recommendations for optimal sequencing and patient selection. Eur Urol 86(6):516\u2013527","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30540-4","volume":"22","author":"SA Boorjian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boorjian SA, Alemozaffar M, Konety BR, Shore ND, Gomella LG, Kamat AM et al (2021) Intravesical nadofaragene Firadenovec gene therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a single-arm, open-label, repeat-dose clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 22(1):107\u2013117","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EVIDoa2200167","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200167","volume":"2","author":"K Chamie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chamie K, Chang SS, Kramolowsky E, Gonzalgo ML, Agarwal PK, Bassett JC et al (2023) IL-15 superagonist NAI in BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive bladder cancer. NEJM Evid 2(1):EVIDoa2200167","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"key":"6056_CR35","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2022) Adstiladrin (nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg) [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/164029\/download"},{"key":"6056_CR36","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2024) Anktiva (nogapendekin alfa inbakicept-pmln) [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/761336s000lbl.pdf"},{"key":"6056_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neeser NB, Martani A, De Clercq E, De Geyter C, Vulliemoz N, Elger BS et al (2023) Building a family at advanced parental age: a systematic review on the risks and opportunities for parents and their offspring. Hum Reprod Open 2023(4):hoad042","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoad042"},{"issue":"10","key":"6056_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex267","volume":"32","author":"YS Khandwala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khandwala YS, Zhang CA, Lu Y, Eisenberg ML (2017) The age of fathers in the USA is rising: an analysis of 168 867 480 births from 1972 to 2015. Hum Reprod 32(10):2110\u20132116","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"6056_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp027","volume":"16","author":"GA Sartorius","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sartorius GA, Nieschlag E (2010) Paternal age and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 16(1):65\u201379","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"6056_CR40","first-page":"101992","volume":"42","author":"S Zaghbib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaghbib S, Chakroun M, Boussaffa H, Saadi A, Ayed H, Chebil M (2022) Ejaculatory duct reflux revealed by chronic scrotal swelling in an adult. Urol Case Rep 42:101992","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"6056_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab133","volume":"36","author":"S Keihani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keihani S, Verrilli LE, Zhang C, Presson AP, Hanson HA, Pastuszak AW et al (2021) Semen parameter thresholds and time-to-conception in subfertile couples: how high is high enough? Hum Reprod 36(8):2121\u20132133","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"6056_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.01.014","volume":"115","author":"A Muthigi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muthigi A, Jahandideh S, Bishop LA, Naeemi FK, Shipley SK, O\u2019Brien JE et al (2021) Clarifying the relationship between total motile sperm counts and intrauterine insemination pregnancy rates. Fertil Steril 115(6):1454\u20131460","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"6056_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E21","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000606","volume":"42","author":"A Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung A, Nielsen ME, Crandell JL, Palmer MH, Bryant AL, Smith SK et al (2019) Quality of life in Non-Muscle-Invasive bladder cancer survivors: a systematic review. Cancer Nurs 42(3):E21\u2013E33","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00345-025-06056-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00345-025-06056-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00345-025-06056-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T23:04:11Z","timestamp":1767999851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00345-025-06056-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-025-06056-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-8726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-8726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MAO has received consulting fees from Fidia Farmaceuticals, Theralase, and Urogen; received honoraria from Merck; and serves on the data safety monitoring board for Combat Medical. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The research protocols followed in this study were in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. As this is a review article, no ethical approval or informed consent was required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"659"}}