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We recorded the procedures for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI), vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) and benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early in the study period, the most common procedures for SUI were insertion of transobturator and tension-free vaginal tape (8319 procedures\/year). We observe an almost complete halt in tape insertion and an increase in removal from 2019 (8 procedures\/year), due to concerns about complications and the \u2018mesh pause\u2019 in the UK. Injection of bulking agents became the mainstream treatment from 2019 (2490 procedures\/year). For refractory UUI, intravesical Botulinum toxin A (BTX) remains the preferred treatment modality (9842 procedures\/year). No significant increases in neuromodulation were observed (762\/year), and numbers remain low for ileocystoplasty (100\/year). Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) remains the commonest operation for BPE with 15,579 cases in 2023\u20132024. Laser resection modalities (Holmium laser Enucleation, or HoLEP, and Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate, or PVP) saw increases with 5098 cases in 2023\u20132024. VVF repair numbers remain low, averaging 83 per year. There was a reduction in overall surgical numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a partial recovery from 2022 onwards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to concerns around tape-related complications, bulking agents are now the mainstream treatment of SUI in women, and BTX in UUI. Whilst the use of laser is becoming increasingly popular, TURP remains the commonest procedure performed for BPE. There has only been a partial recovery in surgical numbers following the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-026-06184-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:50:06Z","timestamp":1768384206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of functional urological surgery trends 2013\u20132024 in England using the HES database"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Spazzapan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhangi","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Malde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Sahai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"6184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.10.008","volume":"166","author":"MM Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim MM, Harvey J, Gusev A, Norton JM, Miran S, Bavendam T (2022) A scoping review of the economic burden of Non-Cancerous genitourinary conditions. 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