{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:04:51Z","timestamp":1782752691559,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009367","name":"Mansoura University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Urol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the association between serum and urinary metabolic abnormalities, stone recurrence risk, and patient and stone characteristics in calcium-based pediatric stone formers; aiming to refine the indication for metabolic evaluation in pediatric urolithiasis population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 80 pediatric patients\u2009&lt;\u200918 years with a history of intervention for calcium-based stones at the Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Egypt, between 2001 and 2022. Electronic database was reviewed for patient and stone characteristics. Serum and 24-hour urinary metabolic evaluation was done. The primary outcome was to assess the association between serum and urinary metabolic abnormalities, and patient and stone characteristics. A secondary outcome was to assess risk factors associated with stone recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum and urinary metabolic abnormalities were present in 31.25% and 73.75% of the study population, respectively. There was no significant difference between normal and abnormal groups of serum and 24-hour urine chemistry in relation to all assessed patient and stone characteristics. However, there was a significant association between stone laterality and risk of recurrence (HR: 3.801, 95% CI: 1.239\u201311.662,\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02); being ~\u20093.8 times higher with bilateral urolithiasis (78.3% vs. 21.8% with unilateral urolithiasis).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine serum and 24-hour urinary metabolic evaluation is still indicated in all pediatric calcium-based stone formers; being a high-risk population. However, the recurrence risk is higher in patients with bilateral urolithiasis. So, in case of limited resources, metabolic evaluation could be restricted to this group of patients only.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-026-06283-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:28:13Z","timestamp":1773916093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metabolic abnormalities, recurrence risk, patient and stone characteristics in calcium-based pediatric stone formers: is there any association?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Sobh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Shoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelhalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelwahab","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr A.","family":"Elsawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael I.","family":"Mortada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareem A.","family":"Nabieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasr A.","family":"El-Tabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR1","first-page":"539","volume":"45","author":"DK Bowen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowen DK, Tasian GEJUC (2018) Pediatr Stone Disease. Pediatr Stone Dis 45(4):539\u2013550","journal-title":"Pediatr Stone Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.74450","volume":"26","author":"AP Sharma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma AP, Filler G (2010) Epidemiology of pediatric urolithiasis. Indian J Urol 26(4):516\u2013522","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"issue":"16","key":"6283_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210153271607","volume":"327","author":"FL Coe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Coe FL, Parks JH, Asplin JR (1992) The pathogenesis and treatment of kidney stones. N Engl J Med 327(16):1141\u20131152","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.74453","volume":"26","author":"PJ Kokorowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kokorowski PJ, Hubert K, Nelson CP (2010) Evaluation of pediatric nephrolithiasis. Indian J Urol 26(4):531\u2013535","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v4.i4.444","volume":"4","author":"MGMG Penido","year":"2015","unstructured":"Penido MGMG, de Sousa Tavares M (2015) Pediatric primary urolithiasis: symptoms, medical management and prevention strategies. World J Nephrol 4(4):444","journal-title":"World J Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6283_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.12.003","volume":"17","author":"\u0130 \u00dcntan","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00dcntan \u0130, \u00dcntan S, Tosun H, Demirci D (2021) Metabolic risk factors and the role of prophylaxis in pediatric urolithiasis. J Pediatr Urol 17(2):215.e1-.e6","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6283_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2021.05.006","volume":"8","author":"S Tekg\u00fcl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tekg\u00fcl S, Stein R, Bogaert G, Nijman RJM, Quaedackers J, t Hoen L et al (2022) European association of urology and European society for paediatric urology guidelines on paediatric urinary stone disease. Eur Urol Focus 8(3):833\u2013839","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"6283_CR8","unstructured":"Skolarikos A, Neisius A, Pet\u0159\u00edk A, Somani B, Thomas K, Gambaro G et al (eds) (2022) Urolithiasis. EAU Guidelines Edn presented at the EAU Annual Congress Amsterdam"},{"issue":"2","key":"6283_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.006","volume":"192","author":"MS Pearle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, Curhan G, Denu-Ciocca CJ, Matlaga BR et al (2014) Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol 192(2):316\u2013324","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-023-01310-w","volume":"23","author":"A Mohammadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammadi A, Farabi H, Baghdadabad LZ, Narouie B, Reis LO, Aghamir SMK (2023) Serum and 24-hour urinary tests cost-effectiveness in stone formers. BMC Urol 23(1):141","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"6283_CR11","unstructured":"Denstedt J, Khoury S. STONE (2007) Disease (2nd International consultation on stone disease), September 5, 2008 ed2008"},{"issue":"5893","key":"6283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5893.643","volume":"4","author":"RB Payne","year":"1973","unstructured":"Payne RB, Little AJ, Williams RB, Milner JR (1973) Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J 4(5893):643\u2013646","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR13","first-page":"411","volume":"67","author":"X Parent","year":"2009","unstructured":"Parent X, Spielmann C, Hanser AM (2009) Corrected\" calcium: calcium status underestimation in non-hypoalbuminemic patients and in hypercalcemic patients. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 67(4):411\u20138","journal-title":"Ann Biol Clin (Paris)"},{"issue":"2","key":"6283_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.03.129","volume":"184","author":"SM Castle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Castle SM, Cooperberg MR, Sadetsky N, Eisner BH, Stoller ML (2010) Adequacy of a single 24-hour urine collection for metabolic evaluation of recurrent nephrolithiasis. J Urol 184(2):579\u2013583","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"6283_CR15","volume-title":"Nelson textbook of pediatrics","author":"JWS Geme","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geme JWS (2020) Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Elsevier"},{"key":"6283_CR16","volume-title":"Campbell-Walsh-Wein urology","author":"AW Partin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Partin AW, Dmochowski RR, Kavoussi LR, Peters C (2021) Campbell-Walsh-Wein urology. Elsevier Philadelphia, PA"},{"key":"6283_CR17","volume-title":"The Harriet Lane Handbook","author":"N Shilkofski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shilkofski N, Anderson CC, Kapoor S, Lee CK, Mark TE (2023) The Harriet Lane Handbook. Elsevier Health Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"6283_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.10.083","volume":"81","author":"Z Okhunov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Okhunov Z, Friedlander JI, George AK, Duty BD, Moreira DM, Srinivasan AK et al (2013) STONE nephrolithometry: novel surgical classification system for kidney calculi. Urology 81(6):1154\u201360","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.01.04","volume":"40","author":"WR Molina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molina WR, Kim FJ, Spendlove J, Pompeo AS, Sillau S, Sehrt DE (2014) The S.T.O.N.E. score: a new assessment tool to predict stone free rates in ureteroscopy from pre-operative radiological features. Int Braz J Urol 40(1):23\u201329","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.03.021","volume":"188","author":"ME Dwyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dwyer ME, Krambeck AE, Bergstralh EJ, Milliner DS, Lieske JC, Rule AD (2012) Temporal trends in incidence of kidney stones among children: a 25-year population based study. J Urol 188(1):247\u2013252","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6283_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.07.090","volume":"197","author":"GE Tasian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tasian GE, Kabarriti AE, Kalmus A, Furth SL (2017) Kidney stone recurrence among children and adolescents. J Urol 197(1):246\u2013252","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"6283_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.09.058","volume":"101","author":"M Bevill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bevill M, Kattula A, Cooper CS, Storm DW (2017) The modern metabolic stone evaluation in children. Urology 101:15\u201320","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.36717","volume":"23","author":"SA Rizvi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rizvi SA, Sultan S, Zafar MN, Ahmed B, Faiq SM, Hossain KZ et al (2007) Evaluation of children with urolithiasis. Indian J Urol 23(4):420\u2013427","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-016-0922-5","volume":"45","author":"K Imran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Imran K, Zafar MN, Ozair U, Khan S, Rizvi SAH (2017) Metabolic risk factors in pediatric stone formers: a report from an emerging economy. Urolithiasis 45(4):379\u2013386","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"issue":"7","key":"6283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad034","volume":"16","author":"N Tangri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tangri N, Mathur V, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Whitlock RH, Wesson DE et al (2023) Association of serum bicarbonate with the development of kidney stones in patients with chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Kidney J 16(7):1113\u20131121","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"6","key":"6283_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00746.x","volume":"59","author":"GC Curhan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ (2001) Twenty-four-hour urine chemistries and the risk of kidney stones among women and men. Kidney Int 59(6):2290\u20132298","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"6283_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asplin JR (2014) Metabolic evaluation: interpretation of 24-Hour urine chemistries. Urinary Stones: Med Surg Manage. :13\u201325","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118405390.ch2"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.08.005","volume":"14","author":"KH Chan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan KH, Moser EA, Whittam BM, Misseri R, Cain MP, Krambeck A (2018) The ability of a limited metabolic assessment to identify pediatric stone formers with metabolic abnormalities. J Pediatr Urol 14(4):331","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6283_CR29","first-page":"209","volume":"1","author":"M Zakaria","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zakaria M, Azab S, Rafaat M (2012) Assessment of risk factors of pediatric urolithiasis in Egypt. Transl Androl Urol 1(4):209\u2013215","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6283_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34..e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.09.021","volume":"16","author":"C De Ruysscher","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Ruysscher C, Pien L, Tailly T, Van Laecke E, Vande Walle J, Prytu\u0142a A (2020) Risk factors for recurrent urolithiasis in children. J Pediatr Urol 16(1):34..e1-e9","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6283_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.09.084","volume":"76","author":"WR DeFoor","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeFoor WR, Jackson E, Minevich E, Caillat A, Reddy P, Sheldon C et al (2010) The risk of recurrent urolithiasis in children is dependent on urinary calcium and citrate. Urology 76(1):242\u2013245","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"12","key":"6283_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2023.0451","volume":"37","author":"RM Geraghty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geraghty RM, Wilson I, Olinger E, Cook P, Troup S, Kennedy D et al (2023) Routine urinary biochemistry does not accurately predict stone type nor recurrence in kidney stone formers: A multicentre, multimodel, externally validated machine-learning study. J Endourol 37(12):1295\u20131304","journal-title":"J Endourol"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06283-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06283-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06283-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:29:24Z","timestamp":1781641764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06283-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06283-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-8726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-8726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"250"}}