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This study aimed to evaluate the face and content validity of a bench-top simulator specifically developed for LEP training within the framework of the European School of Urology (ESU) Lower Urinary Tract Endoscopy Working Group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen expert endourologists assessed the simulator during the European Urology Residents Education Programme (EUREP) 2025. Face and content validity were evaluated using 4-point Likert questionnaires, structured using the ESU validation framework. Descriptive statistics and content validity indices (I-CVI, S-CVI\/Ave, S-CVI\/UA) were calculated to assess agreement across anatomical, procedural, and educational domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Face validity scores were high across all items (mean 3.57\u20133.86; \u226590% agreement). The overall S-CVI\/Ave was 0.85 and S-CVI\/UA 0.47. Domain-specific analysis showed strong content validity for procedural steps (S-CVI\/Ave\u2009=\u20090.89) and educational\/global domains (0.95), moderate validity for essential anatomy (0.81), and lower ratings for intraoperative conditions (0.69), primarily due to the absence of bleeding simulation. When restricted to core domains (procedural\u2009+\u2009educational), S-CVI\/Ave improved to 0.91.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The simulator demonstrated strong face and content validity. Expert ratings indicated favorable perceptions of its realism, procedural similarity, and educational utility. These findings suggest that the simulator may be a useful component of a structured transurethral procedural training curriculum, although further construct validation is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-026-06428-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:42:38Z","timestamp":1778056958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Face and content validation of laser enucleation of prostate simulation model: an EAU European School of Urology (ESU) Lower Urinary Tract Endoscopy Working Group study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Tarik Emre","family":"Sener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago Ribeiro","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Engin Denizhan","family":"Demirkiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis Goumas","family":"Kartalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijn","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Schoensee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurian","family":"Dragos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Veneziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra Shekhar","family":"Biyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Somani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Liatsikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6428_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.04.004","volume":"86","author":"M Baboudjian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baboudjian M, Hashim H, Bhatt N, Creta M, De Nunzio C, Gacci M et al (2024) Summary Paper on Underactive Bladder from the European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. 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