{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T22:03:35Z","timestamp":1789337015907,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82100809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82100809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Urol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-026-06758-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T21:25:48Z","timestamp":1789334748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global, regional, and national burden of urolithiasis among children and adolescents, 1990\u20132021, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jue","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-024-01621-z","volume":"52","author":"G Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng G, Zhu W, Somani B et al (2024) International Alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU) guidelines on the management of pediatric urolithiasis. Urolithiasis 52(1):124","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6758_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2023.04.009","volume":"50","author":"CM Carmen Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carmen Tong CM, Ellison JS, Tasian GE (2023) Pediatric stone disease: current trends and future directions. Urol Clin North Am 50(3):465\u2013475","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"6758_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.03.014","volume":"16","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Bayne D, Wiener S, Ahn J, Stoller M, Chi T (2020) Stone formation in patients less than 20 years of age is associated with higher rates of stone recurrence: results from the registry for stones of the kidney and ureter (ReSKU). J Pediatr Urol 16(3):373e1-373e6","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6758_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-024-06300-0","volume":"39","author":"F Demirtas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demirtas F, \u00c7akar N, \u00d6z\u00e7akar ZB, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 A, Burgu B, Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya F (2024) Risk factors for recurrence in pediatric urinary stone disease. Pediatr Nephrol 39(7):2105\u20132113","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6758_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-022-05190-3","volume":"38","author":"ME Chua","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chua ME, Kim JK, Ming JM et al (2022) Scoping review of recent evidence on the management of pediatric urolithiasis: summary of meta-analyses, systematic reviews and relevant randomized controlled trials. Pediatr Surg Int 38(10):1349\u20131361","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"6758_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2025.03.006","volume":"21","author":"U Kavgac\u0131","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kavgac\u0131 U, Gulhan B, Kurt-Sukur ED et al (2025) Comprehensive analysis of pediatric urolithiasis in a tertiary care center and insights into demographics, risk factors, and management outcomes. J Pediatr Urol 21(5):1051\u20131058","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6758_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-00990-x","volume":"21","author":"M Bargagli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bargagli M, Scoglio M, Howles SA, Fuster DG (2025) Kidney stone disease: risk factors, pathophysiology and management. Nat Rev Nephrol 21(11):794\u2013808","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6758_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00513-4","volume":"18","author":"P Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh P, Harris PC, Sas DJ, Lieske JC (2022) The genetics of kidney stone disease and nephrocalcinosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 18(4):224\u2013240","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-024-05161-4","volume":"42","author":"S G\u00fcven","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00fcven S, Tokas T, Tozsin A et al (2024) Consensus statement addressing controversies and guidelines on pediatric urolithiasis. World J Urol 42(1):473","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6758_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1419","volume":"169","author":"JD Hernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hernandez JD, Ellison JS, Lendvay TS (2015) Current trends, evaluation, and management of pediatric nephrolithiasis. JAMA Pediatr 169(10):964\u2013970","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6758_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2023.02.001","volume":"10","author":"R G\u00fczel","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00fczel R, Yildirim \u00dc, Sarica K (2023) Contemporary minimal invasive surgical management of stones in children. Asian J Urol 10(3):239\u2013245","journal-title":"Asian J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6758_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6051.23.05537-4","volume":"75","author":"F Esperto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esperto F, Pietropaolo A, Emiliani E et al (2023) Unveiling the impact of stone disease: enhancing quality of life through comprehensive care. Minerva Urol Nephrol 75(5):658\u2013660","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"6758_CR13","volume":"78","author":"GBD 2021 Urolithiasis Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Urolithiasis Collaborators (2021) The global, regional, and national burden of urolithiasis in 204 countries and territories, 2000\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. EClinicalMedicine 78:102924","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR14","first-page":"64","volume":"11","author":"H Zi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zi H, Liu MY, Luo LS et al (2024) Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021. Mil Med Res 11(1):64","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"10440","key":"6758_CR15","first-page":"2133","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2021) Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2133\u20132161","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/103876","volume":"54","author":"P Krawczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krawczyk P, \u015awi\u0119cicki \u0141 (2020) ICD-11 vs. ICD-10 - a review of updates and novelties introduced in the latest version of the WHO International Classification of Diseases. Psychiatr Pol 54(1):7\u201320","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.21.597","volume":"55","author":"YE Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim YE, Jung YS, Ock M, Yoon SJ (2022) DALY estimation approaches: understanding and using the incidence-based approach and the prevalence-based approach. J Prev Med Public Health 55(1):10\u201318","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"10440","key":"6758_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators (2024) Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2100\u20132132","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01798-z","volume":"25","author":"J Cen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cen J, Wang Q, Cheng L, Gao Q, Wang H, Sun F (2024) Global, regional, and national burden and trends of migraine among women of childbearing age from 1990 to 2021: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. J Headache Pain 25(1):96","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"6758_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S370591","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang X, Pu Y, Zhang Y, Fan J (2022) Global, Regional, and National Burden of Urolithiasis from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Clin Epidemiol 14:971\u2013983","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"6758_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194161","volume":"14","author":"CI Ciongradi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ciongradi CI, Filip F, S\u00e2rbu I, Iliescu Hali\u021bchi CO, Munteanu V, Candussi IL (2022) The impact of water and other fluids on pediatric nephrolithiasis. Nutrients 14(19):4161","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"6758_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05501-9","volume":"37","author":"A\u00c7 Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz A\u00c7, \u00dcnal N (2022) Do dietary factors play a role in infantile urolithiasis? Pediatr Nephrol 37(12):3157\u20133163","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2017.04.001","volume":"3","author":"OA Raheem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raheem OA, Khandwala YS, Sur RL, Ghani KR, Denstedt JD (2017) Burden of urolithiasis: trends in prevalence, treatments, and costs. Eur Urol Focus 3(1):18\u201326","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"issue":"3","key":"6758_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.07.040","volume":"69","author":"C T\u00fcrk","year":"2016","unstructured":"T\u00fcrk C, Pet\u0159\u00edk A, Sarica K et al (2016) EAU guidelines on diagnosis and conservative management of urolithiasis. Eur Urol 69(3):468\u2013474","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6758_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.5.299","volume":"58","author":"JB Ziemba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR (2017) Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis. Investig Clin Urol 58(5):299\u2013306","journal-title":"Investig Clin Urol"},{"key":"6758_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.09.025","volume":"146","author":"S Quarrier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quarrier S, Li S, Penniston KL et al (2020) Lower socioeconomic status is associated with adverse urinary markers and surgical complexity in kidney stone patients. Urology 146:67\u201371","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6758_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2018.11.008","volume":"96","author":"MS Vieira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vieira MS, Francisco PC, Hallal ALLC, Penido MGMG, Bresolin NL (2020) Association between dietary pattern and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents with urolithiasis. J Pediatr (Rio J) 96(3):333\u2013340","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"issue":"3","key":"6758_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2165-6","volume":"173","author":"D Milo\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Milo\u0161evi\u0107 D, Batini\u0107 D, Turudi\u0107 D, Batini\u0107 D, Topalovi\u0107-Grkovi\u0107 M, Gradi\u0161ki IP (2014) Demographic characteristics and metabolic risk factors in Croatian children with urolithiasis. Eur J Pediatr 173(3):353\u2013359","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6758_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2085882","volume":"54","author":"JZ Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu JZ, Li C, Xia QD et al (2022) Sex disparities and the risk of urolithiasis: a large cross-sectional study. Ann Med 54(1):1627\u20131635","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6758_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.08.007","volume":"75","author":"SA Strope","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strope SA, Wolf JS Jr, Hollenbeck BK (2010) Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease. Urology 75(3):543\u2013546e1","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6758_CR31","first-page":"552","volume":"11","author":"B Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao B, Daniel R, McGregor R, Tasian GE (2023) Pediatric nephrolithiasis. Healthc (Basel) 11(4):552","journal-title":"Healthc (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"6758_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2022.22105","volume":"57","author":"S Sadiq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadiq S, Cil O (2022) Cystinuria: an overview of diagnosis and medical management. Turk Arch Pediatr 57(4):377\u2013384","journal-title":"Turk Arch Pediatr"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06758-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06758-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06758-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T21:25:49Z","timestamp":1789334749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06758-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-026-06758-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-8726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-8726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"662"}}