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Stimuli were frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps varying in sweep direction, sweep duration, and harmonic structure. As expected from previous invasive ABR recordings, upward-sweeping FM signals evoked larger amplitude responses (peak-to-trough amplitude in the latency range of 3\u20135\u00a0ms post-stimulus onset) than downward-sweeping FM signals. Scalp-recorded responses displayed amplitude-latency trading effects as expected from invasive recordings. These two findings validate the reliability of our noninvasive recording techniques. The feasibility of recording noninvasively in unanesthetized, unrestrained bats will energize future research uncovering electrophysiological signatures of perceptual and cognitive processing of biosonar signals in these animals, and allows for better comparison with ABR data from echolocating cetaceans, where invasive experiments are heavily restricted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-022-01559-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T03:29:26Z","timestamp":1656386966000},"page":"505-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Non-invasive auditory brainstem responses to FM sweeps in awake big brown bats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Megela","family":"Simmons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1805-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaro","family":"Tuninetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon M.","family":"Yeoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1559_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001976","volume":"148","author":"AW Accomando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Accomando AW, Mulsow J, Houser DS, Finneran JJ (2020) Classification of biosonar target echoes based on coarse and fine spectral features in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). 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