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It can be achieved by increasing the amount of bone deposition or by reducing the amount of bone resorption, leading to cortical thickening, loss of medullary cavity, and compaction of trabecular bone. The present study examined the effects of locomotor habit, body size, and phylogeny on the densitometric, cross-sectional, and biomechanical traits of femoral diaphysis and neck in terrestrial, semiaquatic, and aquatic carnivores, and in terrestrial and semiaquatic rodents (12 species) by using peripheral quantitative computed tomography, three-point bending, and femoral neck loading tests. Groupwise differences were analyzed with the univariate generalized linear model and the multivariate linear discriminant analysis supplemented with hierarchical clustering. While none of the individual features could separate the lifestyles or species adequately, the combinations of multiple features produced very good or excellent classifications and clusterings. In the phocid seals, the aquatic niche allowed for lower femoral bone mineral densities than expected based on the body mass alone. The semiaquatic mammals mostly had high bone mineral densities compared to the terrestrial species, which could be considered an adaptation to overcome buoyancy during swimming and shallow diving. Generally, it seems that different osteological properties at the levels of mineral density and biomechanics could be compatible with the adaptation to aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial niches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-024-01551-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T16:01:49Z","timestamp":1714233709000},"page":"473-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Osteological profiling of femoral diaphysis and neck in aquatic, semiaquatic, and terrestrial carnivores and rodents: effects of body size and locomotor habits"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Petteri","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikko A. 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Bone 16:25\u201331","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Physiology B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00360-024-01551-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00360-024-01551-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00360-024-01551-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T06:01:57Z","timestamp":1723356117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00360-024-01551-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00360-024-01551-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-1578","1432-136X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0174-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-136X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The seals were collected under the permit from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1121\/722\/2008), and laboratory voles were sampled by the permission of the Finnish National Animal Experiment Board (ESLH-2007-06169\/Ym-23).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The Python code for hierarchical clustering with dendrogram visualizations is available at .","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}