{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:53:34Z","timestamp":1781862814850,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-0641801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-0641801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-1656282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1656282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-1656321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1656321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ONR-DURIP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ONR-DURIP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"., Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comp Physiol B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    An exceptionally large blood O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    store underlies the remarkable dive performance of elephant seals. However, elevated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentrations in these seals complicate estimations of blood O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    content and O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    depletion rates, and may also affect monitoring of brain oxygenation in seals with new non-invasive near-infrared (NIR) recorders. Using hemoximetry analyses of blood samples during sleep apneas of juvenile northern elephant seals (\n                    <jats:italic>Mirounga angustirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we constructed in vivo Hill plot equations and O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013Hb dissociation curves (ODCs). We found: (a) COHb and methemoglobin (both of which do not bind O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and increase hemoglobin (Hb) affinity for O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) comprised 8% of Hb, (b) an in vivo P\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    (partial pressure of O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 50% Hb saturation, an index of O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    affinity of Hb) of 27.1\u00a0mm Hg that was Hg 3.4\u00a0mm Hg less than that previously determined with an in vitro laboratory approach, and (c) when the in vivo and in vitro Hill plot equations were applied to arterial, hepatic sinus and extradural vein P\n                    <jats:sub>O2<\/jats:sub>\n                    profiles during sleep apneas, the resulting differences in blood O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    content and apneic blood O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    depletion rates were minor despite higher Hb saturations calculated with the in vivo approach. We conclude that prior blood O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    contents and depletion rates determined with the in vitro technique during dives are accurate. The range of arterial Hb saturations calculated from the in vivo and in vitro approaches represents the most realistic Hb saturation data available for evaluation of NIR monitors of arterial Hb saturation in seals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-026-01680-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T13:13:24Z","timestamp":1780751604000},"page":"387-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carboxyhemoglobin and depletion of blood oxygen in sleeping elephant seals"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"P. J.","family":"Ponganis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. I.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. U.","family":"Meir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. V.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Patrician","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. G.","family":"Hindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. J.","family":"Pallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Kendall-Bar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. P.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. N.","family":"Ainslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.15.2083","volume":"200","author":"RD Andrews","year":"1997","unstructured":"Andrews RD, Jones DR, Williams JD, Thorson PH, Oliver GW, Costa DP, Le Boeuf BJ (1997) Heart rates of northern elephant seals diving at sea and resting on the beach. J Exp Biol 200:2083\u20132095","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.12.011","volume":"186","author":"DY Balaban","year":"2013","unstructured":"Balaban DY, Duffin J, Preiss D, Mardimae A, Vesely A, Slessarev M, Zubieta-Calleja GR, Greene ER, MacLeod DB, Fisher JA (2013) The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 186(1):45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2012.12.011","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1680_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328316bb6f","volume":"21","author":"SJ Barker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barker SJ, Badal JJ (2008) The measurement of dyshemoglobins and total hemoglobin by pulse oximetry. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 21(6):805\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328316bb6f","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329903600109","volume":"36","author":"D Bingham","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bingham D, Kendall J, Clancy M (1999) The portable laboratory: an evaluation of the accuracy and reproducibility of i-STAT\u00a9. Ann Clin Biochem 36(1):66\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000456329903600109","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"1680_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb01930.x","volume":"231","author":"SB Blackwell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blackwell SB, Le Boeuf BJ (1993) Developmental aspects of sleep apnea in northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. J Zool Lond 231:437\u2013447","journal-title":"J Zool Lond"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R46","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00286.2023","volume":"327","author":"CV Brown","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brown CV, McKnight JC, Bain AR, Tremblay JC, Patrician A, McDonald BI, Williams CL, Hindle AG, Pallin LJ, Costa DP, Dujic Z, Macleod DB, Williams TM, Ponganis PJ, Ainslie PN (2024) Selected and shared hematological responses to apnea in elite human free divers and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 327(1):R46\u2013R53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00286.2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"1680_CR7","first-page":"R429","volume":"251","author":"MA Castellini","year":"1986","unstructured":"Castellini MA, Costa DP, Huntley A (1986) Hematocrit variation during sleep apnea in elephant seal pups. Am J Physiol 251:R429\u2013R431","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1680_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(69)90065-6","volume":"7","author":"G Clausen","year":"1969","unstructured":"Clausen G, Ersland A (1969) The respiratory properties of the blood of the bladder nose seal (Cystophora cristata). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 7:1\u20136","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1680_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2013.02.005","volume":"28","author":"JA Cortazzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cortazzo JA, Lichtman AD (2014) Methemoglobinemia: a review and recommendations for management. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 28(4):1043\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jvca.2013.02.005","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"1680_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582188","volume":"369","author":"P Dijkhuizen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dijkhuizen P, Buursma A, Fongers TME, Gerding AM, Oeseburg B, Zijlstra WG (1977) The oxygen binding capacity of human haemoglobin. Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv 369(3):223\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00582188","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv"},{"issue":"10","key":"1680_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaed\/mkw012","volume":"16","author":"J-O Dunn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dunn J-O, Mythen M, Grocott M (2016) Physiology of oxygen transport. BJA Educ 16(10):341\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjaed\/mkw012","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"1680_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.22462\/03.04.2018.3","volume":"15","author":"NB Hampson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hampson NB (2018) Carboxyhemoglobin: a primer for clinicians. Undersea Hyperb Med 15:165\u2013174","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1680_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.037168","volume":"213","author":"JL Hassrick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hassrick JL, Crocker DE, Teutschel NM, McDonald BI, Robinson PW, Simmons SE, Costa DP (2010) Condition and mass impact oxygen stores and dive duration in adult female northern elephant seals. J Exp Biol 213(4):585\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.037168","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1680_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1976.41.6.893","volume":"41","author":"MP Hlastala","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hlastala MP, McKenna HP, Franada RL, Detter JC (1976) Influence of carbon monoxide on hemoglobin-oxygen binding. J Appl Physiol 41(6):893\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1976.41.6.893","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1680_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351060356-3","volume-title":"Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation","author":"M Juul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Juul M (2019) Determination of oxygen status in human blood. In: Boland JE, Muller DWM (eds) Interventional cardiology and cardiac catheterisation. CRC, Boca Rotan, pp 21\u201330"},{"key":"1680_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198611000-00015","volume":"65","author":"JR Kambam","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kambam JR, Chen LH, Hyman SA (1986) Effect of short-term smoking halt on carboxyhemoglobin levels and P50 values. Anesth Analgesia 65:1186\u20131188","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"issue":"3","key":"1680_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2020-000943","volume":"42","author":"I Kaminecki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaminecki I, Huang D (2021) Methemoglobinemia. Pediatr Rev 42(3):164\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.2020-000943","journal-title":"Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00735714","volume":"149","author":"GN Lapennas","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lapennas GN, Reeves BR (1982) Respiratory properties of blood of the gray seal, Halichoerus grypus. J Comp Physiol 149(1):49\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00735714","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1680_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.287","volume":"75","author":"MR Law","year":"1997","unstructured":"Law MR, Morris JK, Watt HC, Wald NJ (1997) The dose-response relationship between cigarette consumption, biochemical markers and risk of lung cancer. Br J Cancer 75(11):1690\u20131693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.1997.287","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"1680_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-064","volume":"66","author":"BJ Le Boeuf","year":"1988","unstructured":"Le Boeuf BJ, Costa DP, Huntley AC, Feldkamp SD (1988) Continuous, deep diving in female Northern seals, Mirounga angustirostris. Can J Zool 66:446\u2013458","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"1680_CR21","first-page":"95","volume-title":"The Biology of Marine Mammals","author":"C Lenfant","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lenfant C (1969) Physiological properties of blood of marine mammals. In: Anderson HT (ed) The biology of marine mammals. Academic, New York, p 95\u2013116"},{"key":"1680_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1969.216.6.1595","volume":"216","author":"C Lenfant","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lenfant C, Kooyman GL, Elsner R, Drabek CM (1969) Respiratory function of blood of the adult and fetus Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Am J Physiol 216:1595\u20131597","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1680_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90076-9","volume":"9","author":"C Lenfant","year":"1970","unstructured":"Lenfant C, Johansen K, Torrance JD (1970) Gas transport and oxygen storage capacity in some pinnipeds and the sea otter. Respir Physiol 9:277\u2013286","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V41.1.163.163","volume":"41","author":"DR Lincoln","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lincoln DR, Edmunds DT, Gribble TJ, Schwartz HC (1973) Studies on the hemoglobins of pinnipeds. Blood 41(1):163\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.V41.1.163.163","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"1680_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000306","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000306","volume":"17","author":"JC McKnight","year":"2019","unstructured":"McKnight JC, Bennett KA, Bronkhorst M, Russell DJF, Balfour S, Milne R, Bivins M, Moss SFW, Colier W, Hall AJ, Thompson D (2019) Shining new light on mammalian diving physiology using wearable near-infrared spectroscopy. PLoS Biol 17(6):e3000306","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1680_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R927","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00247.2009","volume":"297","author":"JU Meir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meir JU, Champagne CD, Costa DP, Williams CL, Ponganis PJ (2009) Extreme hypoxemic tolerance and blood oxygen depletion in diving elephant seals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297(4):R927\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00247.2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"1680_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139045490","volume-title":"Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds","author":"PJ Ponganis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ponganis PJ (2015) Diving Physiology of marine mammals and seabirds. Cambridge University Press, Cornwall"},{"key":"1680_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.05.012","volume":"145","author":"PJ Ponganis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ponganis PJ, Stockard T, Levenson DH, Berg L, Baranov EA (2006a) Intravascular pressure profiles in elephant seals: a hypothesis on the extradural vein and venous return to the heart. Comp Biochem Physiol A 145:123\u2013130","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A"},{"key":"1680_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.02.009","volume":"144","author":"PJ Ponganis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ponganis PJ, Stockard T, Levenson DH, Berg L, Barnov EA (2006b) Cardiac output and muscle blood flow during rest-associated apneas in elephant seals. Comp Biochem Physiol A 144:105\u2013111","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A"},{"key":"1680_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/183074a0","volume":"183","author":"LGCE Pugh","year":"1959","unstructured":"Pugh LGCE (1959) Carbon monoxide content of the blood and other observations on Weddell seals. Nature 183:74\u201376","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1680_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.5.999","volume":"50","author":"J Qvist","year":"1981","unstructured":"Qvist J, Weber RE, Zapol WM (1981) Oxygen equilibrium properties of blood and hemoglobin of fetal and adult Weddell seals. J Appl Physiol 50:999\u20131005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1680_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036728","volume":"7","author":"PW Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robinson PW, Costa DP, Crocker DE, Gallo-Reynoso JP, Champagne CD, Fowler MA, Goetsch C, Goetz KT, Hassrick JL, H\u00fcckst\u00e4dt LA, Kuhn CE, Maresh JL, Maxwell SM, McDonald BI, Peterson SH, Simmons SE, Teutschel NM, Villegas-Amtmann S, Yoda K (2012) Foraging behavior and success of a mesopelagic predator in the northeast pacific ocean: insights from a data-rich species, the northern elephant seal. PLoS ONE 7(5):e36728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0036728","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1944.141.1.17","volume":"141","author":"FJW Roughton","year":"1944","unstructured":"Roughton FJW, Darling RC (1944) The effect of carbon monoxide on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Am J Physiol 141(1):17\u201331","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1680_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruesch A, McKnight JC, Mulder E, Wu J, Balfour S, Shinn-Cunningham BG, Schagatay E, Kainerstorfer JM (2021) Application of near-infrared spectroscopy in human elite freedivers while deepdiving on a single breath hold. In: European conferences on biomedical optics 2021 (ECBO), Munich. OSA Technical Digest. Optica Publishing Group, p ETu4C.6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ECBO.2021.ETu4C.6","DOI":"10.1364\/ECBO.2021.ETu4C.6"},{"key":"1680_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1978.45.5.818","volume":"45","author":"P Scheid","year":"1978","unstructured":"Scheid P, Meyer M (1978) Mixing technique for study of oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium: a critical evaluation. J Appl Physiol 45:812\u2013822","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1680_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.3.599","volume":"46","author":"JW Severinghaus","year":"1979","unstructured":"Severinghaus JW (1979) Simple, accurate equations for human blood O2 dissociation computations. J Appl Physiol 46(3):599\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.3.599","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1680_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamir MY, Avramovich A, Smaka T (2012) The current status of continuous noninvasive measurement of total, carboxy, and methemoglobin concentration. Anesth Analgesia 114(5)","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318233041a"},{"issue":"S34","key":"1680_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05481.x","volume":"34","author":"SC Silverman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Silverman SC, Birks EK (2002) Evaluation of the i-STAT hand-held chemical analyser during treadmill and endurance exercise. Equine Vet J 34(S34):551\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05481.x","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1051\/ject\/200840057","volume":"40","author":"J Steinfelder-Visscher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steinfelder-Visscher J, Teerenstra S, Klein Gunnewiek JMT, Weerwind PW (2008) Evaluation of the i-STAT point-of-care analyzer in critically Ill adult patients. J Extra Corpor Technol 40(1):57\u201360","journal-title":"J Extra Corpor Technol"},{"key":"1680_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.008078","volume":"210","author":"TK Stockard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stockard TK, Levenson DH, Berg L, Fransioli JR, Baranov EA, Ponganis PJ (2007) Blood oxygen depletion during rest-associated apneas of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). J Exp Biol 210:2607\u20132617","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"20","key":"1680_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.127134","volume":"219","author":"JF Storz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Storz JF (2016) Hemoglobin\u2013oxygen affinity in high-altitude vertebrates: is there evidence for an adaptive trend? J Exp Biol 219(20):3190\u20133203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.127134","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"1680_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520328150-017","volume-title":"Elephant seals: population ecology, behavior, and physiology","author":"PH Thorson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thorson PH, Le Boeuf BJ (1994) Developmental aspects of diving in northern elephant seal pups. In: Le Boeuf BJ, Laws RM (eds) Elephant seals: population ecology, behavior, and physiology. University of California Press, Berkeley, p 271\u2013289"},{"key":"1680_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tift MS, Ponganis PJ (2019) Time domains of hypoxia adaptation\u2014elephant seals stand out among divers. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2019.00677","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00677"},{"key":"1680_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.100677","volume":"217","author":"MS Tift","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tift MS, Ponganis PJ, Crocker DE (2014) Elevated carboxyhemoglobin in a marine mammal, the northern elephant seal. J Exp Biol 217:1752\u20131757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.100677","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1680_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70262-8","volume":"25","author":"M Touger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Touger M, Gallagher EJ, Tyrell J (1995) Relationship between venous and arterial carboxyhemoglobin levels in patients with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 25(4):481\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70262-8","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(02)00065-6","volume":"73","author":"P Verwaerde","year":"2002","unstructured":"Verwaerde P, Malet C, Lagente M, de La Farge F, Braun JP (2002) The accuracy of the i-STAT portable analyser for measuring blood gases and pH in whole-blood samples from dogs. Res Vet Sci 73(1):71\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0034-5288(02)00065-6","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1680_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.05.001","volume":"158","author":"RE Weber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weber RE (2007) High-altitude adaptations in vertebrate hemoglobins. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 158(2\u20133):132\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2007.05.001","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1680_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90013-O","volume":"79","author":"DC Willford","year":"1990","unstructured":"Willford DC, Gray AT, Hempleman SC, Davis RW, Hill EP (1990) Temperature and the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina. Respir Physiol 79(2):137\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90013-O","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1680_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70167-8","volume":"34","author":"RO Wright","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wright RO, Lewander WJ, Woolf AD (1999) Methemoglobinemia: etiology, pharmacology, and clinical management. Ann Emerg Med 34(5):646\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70167-8","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1680_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.043638","volume":"51","author":"WG Zijlstra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zijlstra WG (2005) Clinical assessment of oxygen transport-related quantities. Clin Chem 51(2):291\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2004.043638","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"sup224","key":"1680_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519609088623","volume":"56","author":"WG Zijlstra","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zijlstra WG, Maas AHJ, Moran RF (1996) Definition, significance and measurement of quantities pertaining to the oxygen carrying properties of human blood. Scand J Clin Lab Investig 56(sup224):27\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365519609088623","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Investig"},{"key":"1680_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6","volume-title":"Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R","author":"AF Zuur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker NJ, Saveliev AA, Smith GM (2009) Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Springer, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"1680_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.1.14","volume":"57","author":"A Zwart","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zwart A, Kwant G, Oeseburg B, Zijlstra WG (1984) Human whole-blood oxygen affinity: effect of carbon monoxide. J Appl Physiol 57(1):14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.1.14","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Physiology B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01680-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01680-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01680-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:20:18Z","timestamp":1781860818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01680-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01680-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-1578","1432-136X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0174-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-136X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}