{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:25:06Z","timestamp":1787682306728,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007629","name":"Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BPA 2008-524-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPA 2008-524-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comp Physiol B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pacific lamprey, an anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean, are imperiled in parts of their range. Many aspects of their biology are not fully understood, including the physiology of their spawning migration. Pacific lamprey exhibit two divergent reproductive life histories: early-maturing and late-maturing. Interior Columbia River early-maturing lamprey complete the final stages of gonadal maturation\u2009~\u200910\u00a0months after entering freshwater. From the same migrating cohort, the late-maturing lamprey wait\u2009~\u200922\u00a0months to complete maturation. This study sought to characterize the reproductive phenotypes of these two Pacific lamprey life histories. Migrating adult Pacific lamprey that had entered fresh water were collected and held for close to two years to monitor changes in morphology and physiology. The lamprey in this study, of approximately equal sex ratio, clearly separated into early- or late-maturing life histories based on differences in timing of reproductive development, morphology of length, weight, interdorsal fin gap, and plasma concentrations of estradiol-17\u03b2 (E2), but not plasma androstenedione. Average plasma E2 levels in females and males were significantly higher in the early-maturing fish compared to the late-maturing fish by November, nearly half a year before any morphological divergence. This novel physiological indicator could benefit restoration activities (translocation and artificial propagation) by providing advanced identification of the two maturation life histories present in the same migration cohort. In conclusion, this study provides several morphological and physiological features that can be used to identify early- and late-maturing Pacific lamprey within the 10\u00a0month period prior to when the early-maturing fish mature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-026-01692-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:51:14Z","timestamp":1784533874000},"page":"477-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reproductive and morphological traits distinguish early- and late-maturing Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2559-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J.","family":"Nagler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea R.","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon E.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tod M.","family":"Sween","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie L.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1692_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-232","volume":"37","author":"RJ Beamish","year":"1980","unstructured":"Beamish RJ (1980) Adult biology of the river lamprey (Lampetra ayresi) and the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) from the Pacific Coast of Canada. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37(11):1906\u20131923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/f80-232","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1692_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/4096","volume":"48","author":"FWH Beamish","year":"1979","unstructured":"Beamish FWH, Potter IC, Thomas E (1979) Proximate composition of the adult anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon-Marinus, in relation to feeding, migration and reproduction. J Anim Ecol 48(1):1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/4096","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"1692_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402640109","volume":"264","author":"TG Bolduc","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bolduc TG, Sower SA (1992) Changes in brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone, plasma estradiol17-p, and progesterone during the final reproductive cycle of the female sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. J Exp Zool 264:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.1402640109","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"issue":"2","key":"1692_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.11.003","volume":"146","author":"MB Bryan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bryan MB, Young BA, Close DA, Semeyn J, Robinson TC, Bayer J, Li WM (2006) Comparison of synthesis of 15\u03b1-hydroxylated steroids in males of four North American lamprey species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 146(2):149\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.11.003","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1692_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.061093","volume":"77","author":"MB Bryan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bryan MB, Scott AP, Li W (2007) The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) has a receptor for androstenedione. Biol Reprod 77(4):688\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.107.061093","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"1692_CR6","volume-title":"The physiological ecology and run diversity of adult pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, during the freshwater spawning migration","author":"BJ Clemens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clemens BJ (2011) The physiological ecology and run diversity of adult pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, during the freshwater spawning migration. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR"},{"issue":"11","key":"1692_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2013-0114","volume":"91","author":"BJ Clemens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clemens BJ, van de Wetering S, Sower SA, Schreck CB (2013) Maturation characteristics and life-history strategies of the Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus. Can J Zool 91(11):775\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjz-2013-0114","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"1692_CR8","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Jawless fishes of the world","author":"BJ Clemens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clemens BJ, Schreck CB, Sower SA, van de Wetering S (2016) The potential roles of river environments in selecting for stream-and ocean-maturing Pacific Lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner, 1836). In: Orlov A, Beamish RJ (eds) Jawless fishes of the world, vol vol 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, pp 299\u2013322"},{"key":"1692_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2025-0215","author":"BJ Clemens","year":"2026","unstructured":"Clemens BJ, Litts R, Vonderohe G, Schaeffer J, Medeiros LR, Nagler JJ, Hess JE (2026) Lamprey genotypes predispose maturation-timing phenotypes in coastal and interior river basins. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjfas-2025-0215","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1692_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(2002)027<0019:TEACIO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"27","author":"DA Close","year":"2002","unstructured":"Close DA, Fitzpatrick MS, Li HW (2002) The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction. Pacific Lamprey Fish 27(7):19\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1577\/1548-8446(2002)027%3C0019:TEACIO%3E2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Pacific Lamprey Fish"},{"issue":"2","key":"1692_CR11","first-page":"141","volume":"38","author":"DA Close","year":"2004","unstructured":"Close DA, Jackson AD, Conner BP, Li HW (2004) Traditional ecological knowledge of Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington from indigenous peoples of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. J Northwest Anthropol 38(2):141\u2013162","journal-title":"J Northwest Anthropol"},{"key":"1692_CR12","unstructured":"CRITFC (2025) 2025 Tribal pacific lamprey restoration plan for the columbia river basin: technical document. Portland, OR"},{"key":"1692_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1684-8_4","volume-title":"Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 2","author":"MF Docker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Docker MF, Potter IC (2019) Life history evolution in lampreys: alternative migratory and feeding types. In: Docker MF (ed) Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 2. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 287\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-024-1684-8_4"},{"key":"1692_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1684-8_1","volume-title":"Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 2","author":"MF Docker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Docker MF, Beamish FWH, Yasmin T, Bryn MB, Khan A (2019) The lamprey gonad. In: Docker MF (ed) Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 2. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 1\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-024-1684-8_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"1692_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10228-013-0372-9","volume":"61","author":"MR Farrokhnejad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farrokhnejad MR, Amiri BM, Abdoli A, Nazari H (2014) Gonadal histology and plasma sex steroid concentrations in maturing and mature spring migrants of Caspian lamprey in the Shirud River, southern Caspian Sea. Iran Ichthyol Res 61(1):42\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10228-013-0372-9","journal-title":"Iran Ichthyol Res"},{"key":"1692_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(08)60291-5","volume-title":"Fish physiology, vol IX, reproduction part A endocrine tissues and hormones","author":"A Fostier","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fostier A, Jalabert B, Billard R, Breton B, Zohar Y (1983) The gonadal steroids. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ, Donaldson EM (eds) Fish physiology, vol IX, reproduction part A endocrine tissues and hormones. Academic Press, New York, pp 277\u2013372"},{"issue":"11","key":"1692_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12150","volume":"22","author":"JE Hess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hess JE, Campbell NR, Close DA, Docker MF, Narum SR (2013) Population genomics of Pacific lamprey: adaptive variation in a highly dispersive species. Mol Ecol 22(11):2898\u20132916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.12150","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1692_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12203","volume":"7","author":"JE Hess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hess JE, Caudill CC, Keefer ML, McIlraith BJ, Moser ML, Narum SR (2014) Genes predict long distance migration and large body size in a migratory fish, Pacific lamprey. Evol Appl 7(10):1192\u20131208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eva.12203","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"issue":"20","key":"1692_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15605","volume":"29","author":"JE Hess","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hess JE, Smith JJ, Timoshevskaya N, Baker C, Caudill CC, Graves D, Keefer ML, Kinziger AP, Moser ML, Porter LL, Silver G, Whitlock SL, Narum SR (2020) Genomic islands of divergence infer a phenotypic landscape in Pacific lamprey. Mol Ecol 29(20):3841\u20133856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.15605","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1692_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/tafs.10359","volume":"151","author":"JE Hess","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hess JE, Delomas TA, Jackson AD, Kosinski MJ, Moser ML, Porter LL, Silver G, Sween T, Weitkamp LA, Narum SR (2022) Pacific lamprey translocations to the Snake River boost abundance of all life stages. Trans Am Fish Soc 151(3):263\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tafs.10359","journal-title":"Trans Am Fish Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1692_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(82)90025-9","volume":"48","author":"Y Katz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Katz Y, Dashow L, Epple A (1982) Circulating steroid hormones of anadromous sea lampreys under various experimental conditions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 48(2):261\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-6480(82)90025-9","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"1692_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.03.009","volume":"204","author":"R Kujawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kujawa R, Nowosad J, Biegaj M, Cejko BI, Kucharczyk D (2019) Use of ultrasonography to determine sex in sexually immature European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (L.). Anim Reprod Sci 204:95\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.03.009","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"1692_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2020.10.006","volume":"47","author":"RT Lampman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lampman RT, Maine AN, Moser ML, Arakawa H, Neave FB (2021) Lamprey aquaculture successes and failures: a path to production for control and conservation. J Great Lakes Res 47:S201\u2013S215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jglr.2020.10.006","journal-title":"J Great Lakes Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1692_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-221","volume":"37","author":"LO Larsen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Larsen LO (1980) Physiology of adult lampreys, with special regard to natural starvation, reproduction, and death after spawning. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37(11):1762\u20131779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/f80-221","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"1692_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(87)90036-5","volume":"21","author":"JE Linville","year":"1987","unstructured":"Linville JE, Hanson LH, Sower SA (1987) Endocrine events associated with spawning behavior in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Horm Behav 21:105\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0018-506X(87)90036-5","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1692_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.09.019","volume":"155","author":"MG Mesa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mesa MG, Bayer JM, Bryan MB, Sower SA (2010) Annual sex steroid and other physiological profiles of Pacific lampreys (Entosphenus tridentatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 155(1):56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.09.019","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol"},{"key":"1692_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1684-8_2","volume-title":"Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 2","author":"ML Moser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moser ML, Hume JB, Aronsuu KK, Lampman RT, Jackson AD (2019) Lamprey reproduction and early life history: insights from artificial propagation. In: Docker MF (ed) Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 2. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 187\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-024-1684-8_2"},{"key":"1692_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.47886\/9781934874134.ch17","volume-title":"Biology, management, and conservation of lampreys in North America","author":"PB Moyle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moyle PB, Brown LR, Chase SD, Quinones RM, Brown LR, Chase SD, Mesa MG, Beamish RJ, Moyle PB (2009) Status and conservation of lampreys in California. Biology, management, and conservation of lampreys in North America. American Fisheries Society, San Francisco, California, United States, pp 279\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47886\/9781934874134.ch17"},{"issue":"13","key":"1692_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15136","volume":"28","author":"KA Parker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parker KA, Hess JE, Narum SR, Kinziger AP (2019) Evidence for the genetic basis and epistatic interactions underlying ocean- and river-maturing ecotypes of Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) returning to the Klamath River, California. Mol Ecol 28(13):3171\u20133185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.15136","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"1692_CR30","unstructured":"Porter LL, Galbreath PF, McIlraith BJ, Hess JE (2017) Sex ratio and maturation characteristics of adult pacific lamprey at willamette falls, Oregon. Columbia river inter-tribal fish commission technical report 17_01, Portland, OR"},{"issue":"4","key":"1692_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1139\/z78-080","volume":"56","author":"IC Potter","year":"1978","unstructured":"Potter IC, Wright GM, Youson JH (1978) Metamorphosis in the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Can J Zool 56(4):561\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/z78-080","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"1692_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9306-3_2","volume-title":"Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 1","author":"IC Potter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Potter IC, Gill HS, Renaud CB, Haoucher D (2015) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution of lampreys. In: Docker MF (ed) Lampreys: biology, conservation and control: volume 1. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 35\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-9306-3_2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1692_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1577\/T07-233.1","volume":"138","author":"TC Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson TC, Sorensen PW, Bayer JM, Seelye JG (2009) Olfactory sensitivity of Pacific lampreys to lamprey bile acids. Trans Am Fish Soc 138(1):144\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1577\/T07-233.1","journal-title":"Trans Am Fish Soc"},{"key":"1692_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(03)70477-8","volume":"29","author":"SA Sower","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sower SA (2003) The endocrinology of reproduction in lampreys and applications for male lamprey sterilization. J Great Lakes Res 29:50\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0380-1330(03)70477-8","journal-title":"J Great Lakes Res"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"1692_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(01)00333-5","volume":"129","author":"SA Sower","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sower SA, Kawauchi H (2001) Update: brain and pituitary hormones of lampreys. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 129(2\u20133):291\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1096-4959(01)00333-5","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1692_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1139\/z83-349","volume":"61","author":"SA Sower","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sower SA, Dickhoff WW, Gorbman A, Rivier JE, Vale WW (1983) Ovulatory and steroidal responses in the lamprey following administration of salmon gonadotropin and agonistic and antagonistic analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Can J Zool 61(12):2653\u20132659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/z83-349","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"issue":"12","key":"1692_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05585.x","volume":"21","author":"EK Spice","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spice EK, Goodman DH, Reid SB, Docker MF (2012) Neither philopatric nor panmictic: microsatellite and mtDNA evidence suggests lack of natal homing but limits to dispersal in Pacific lamprey. Mol Ecol 21(12):2916\u20132930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05585.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1692_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/03632415.2012.704818","volume":"37","author":"DL Ward","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ward DL, Clemens BJ, Clugston D, Jackson AD, Moser ML, Peery C, Statler DP (2012) Translocating adult Pacific lamprey within the Columbia river basin: state of the science. Fisheries 37(8):351\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03632415.2012.704818","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"issue":"3","key":"1692_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.14436","volume":"97","author":"TA Whitesel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whitesel TA, McGree M, Silver GS (2020) Predicting larval metamorphosis of Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus through measurements of length and mass. J Fish Biol 97(3):804\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfb.14436","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1692_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1139\/f93-068","volume":"50","author":"JN Whyte","year":"1993","unstructured":"Whyte JN, Beamish RJ, Ginther NG, Neville C-E (1993) Nutritional condition of the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) deprived of food for periods of up to two years. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50(3):591\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/f93-068","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1692_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1139\/f93-269","volume":"50","author":"JH Youson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Youson JH, Holmes JA, Guchardi JA, Seelye JG, Beaver RE, Gersmehl JE, Sower SA, Beamish FWH (1993) Importance of condition factor and the influence of water temperature and photoperiod on metamorphosis of sea lamprey, Petromyzon-Marinus. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50(11):2448\u20132456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/f93-269","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Physiology B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01692-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01692-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01692-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:01:36Z","timestamp":1787680896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01692-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00360-026-01692-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-1578","1432-136X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0174-1578","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-136X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The live animal procedures in this study were conducted under a protocol (IACUC #2022\u201342) approved in accordance with the principles and procedures of the University of Idaho Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}