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In this study, we evaluated electrocardiographic (ECG) and electromyographic (EMG) responses in\n                    <jats:italic>Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a native Amazonian species considered a promising biological model for ecotoxicological studies, and Menthol was selected as the pharmacological model for methodological validation in this species. Fish were exposed to 30 mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    for three minutes and subsequently transferred to clean water to assess recovery. The ECG showed a reduction in heart rate and an increase in the wave intervals in fish exposed to menthol. The EMG recorded the occurrence of transient muscle spasms before a progressive decrease in contraction strength as anesthesia deepened. After recovery, both ECG and EMG tracings returned to baseline conditions, indicating the reversibility of menthol-induced anesthesia. Thus, electrophysiological markers in\n                    <jats:italic>H. heterorhabdus<\/jats:italic>\n                    proved to be effective tools for detecting short-term physiological changes and supports their application in studies involving environmental stressors or chemical exposures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-026-01694-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:51:04Z","timestamp":1784533864000},"page":"523-533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of electrophysiological biomarkers in the Amazonian fish Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus after menthol exposure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3577-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yure Jefferson","family":"da Cruz do Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo Serr\u00e3o","family":"Moutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sildiane","family":"Cantanh\u00eade-Magno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Hamoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edlian Lund","family":"Amado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1694_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.05.027","volume":"479","author":"LAL Barbas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barbas LAL, Hamoy M, de Mello VJ, Barbosa RPM, de Lima HST, Torres MF, Gomes MRF (2017) Essential oil of citronella modulates electrophysiological responses in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum: a new anaesthetic for use in fish. 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