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Fish (initial weight 70.25\u00a0g) were fed three times daily to apparent satiety for 45 days with diets containing 371.80\u2013378.20\u00a0g kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    crude protein and 17.00-17.42\u00a0MJ kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    gross energy, and supplemented with 230, 260, 290, 320, or 350\u00a0g CBH kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Fish were distributed among 15 tanks (practical volume of 800\u00a0L; stocking density of 0.878\u00a0g L\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), with treatments replicated 3 times. Optimal growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and whole-body nutrient deposition were observed in fish fed diets containing 260\u2013290\u00a0g CBH kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Fish fed the highest CBH level (350\u00a0g kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) exhibited reduced erythrocyte counts but increased hemoglobin concentration. Increasing dietary CBH levels resulted in higher hepatosomatic index, plasma triglyceride concentration, and liver and muscle glycogen stores, while reducing the viscerosomatic index and hepatic aspartate aminotransferase activity, with no effect on glycemia. Intermediate CBH levels (260\u2013320\u00a0g kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) increased intestinal amylase and lipase activities but reduced alkaline protease activity. In the liver, high-CBH diets stimulated the activity of key enzymes involved in glycolysis (6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, PFK1; and pyruvate kinase, PK), the pentose phosphate pathway (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 6PGDH), and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (isocitrate dehydrogenase, ICDH), while decreasing the activity of rate-limiting enzymes in gluconeogenesis (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1, FBPase1) and amino acid deamination (glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH). In conclusion, dietary CBH levels between 260 and 290\u00a0g kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    are recommended to optimize growth performance and enhance digestive and hematometabolical efficiency in juvenile red-bellied pacu. Exceeding this range may impair performance and welfare, highlighting the importance of precise dietary formulation in aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-026-01715-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:49:16Z","timestamp":1789451356000},"page":"719-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbohydrate content in the diet of red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) and its effects on growth performance, nutrient deposition, digestive enzymes, lipogenesis, and glycolysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2543-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Carvalho","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Copatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-277X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline da Silva","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4676-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Silva","family":"March\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Ramos","family":"da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson Miranda","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanbing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2301-2365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidoro","family":"Met\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2068-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fernando Bibiano","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes10040171","volume":"10","author":"IMC Ananias","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ananias IMC, Silva SS, Souza AS, Santos FAC, Magalh\u00e3es TB, Martins WJF, Favero GC, Luz RK (2025) Effects of stocking densities on the growth performance and physiology of juvenile Piaractus brachypomus in recirculating aquaculture system. 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