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Our hypothesis is that parasympathetic values are important for recovering exercise tolerance in those patients. We included 84 consecutive patients with HF and AF (mean age: 69\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u00a0years, 80% men). All of the patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test and had pre and post 5\u00a0month cardiac rehabilitation assessed. After 155\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u00a0days and 44\u2009\u00b1\u20098 sessions, 73 patients (86%) showed an increase in peak oxygen uptake (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> at the anaerobic threshold. In univariate linear regression analysis, the % change in heart rate recovery, plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels, resting heart rate, and the minute ventilation \/carbon dioxide output slope were significantly related to that of peak <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, respectively). Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the % change in heart rate recovery was independently related to that of peak <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Our results suggest that heart rate recovery is closely associated with recovery of exercise tolerance in patients with HF and AF after CR.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-021-01839-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T15:03:34Z","timestamp":1617116614000},"page":"1551-1557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Heart rate recovery is useful for evaluating the recovery of exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3609-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiya","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Tasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.2016.0172","volume":"74","author":"P Kirchhof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Popescu BA, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. 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