{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:35:38Z","timestamp":1763015738139,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530230400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3876-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T00:28:37Z","timestamp":1530232117000},"page":"97-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Instrumented arthrodesis for non-traumatic craniocervical instability in very young children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7948-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Burhan","family":"Janjua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amer F.","family":"Samdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Pahys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Baaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"H\u00e4rtl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Greenfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3876_CR1","first-page":"192","volume":"16","author":"R Burgos-Vargas","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burgos-Vargas R, Clark P (1989) Axial involvement in the seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy syndrome and its progression to ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 16:192\u2013197","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"3876_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(91)90850-S","volume":"26","author":"AM Dietrich","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dietrich AM, Ginn-Pease ME, Bartkowski HM, King DR (1991) Pediatric cervical spine fractures: predominantly subtle presentation. J Pediatr Surg 26:995\u2013999 discussion 999-1000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3876_CR3","first-page":"548","volume":"22","author":"HE Foster","year":"1995","unstructured":"Foster HE, Cairns RA, Burnell RH, Malleson PN, Roberton DM, Tredwell SJ, Petty RE, Cabral DA (1995) Atlantoaxial subluxation in children with seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy syndrome: 2 case reports and a review of the literature. J Rheumatol 22:548\u2013551","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"3876_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.6.0871","volume":"78","author":"MW Fox","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fox MW, Onofrio BM, Kilgore JE (1993) Neurological complications of ankylosing spondylitis. J Neurosurg 78:871\u2013878. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1993.78.6.0871","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3876_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.2.2.0164","volume":"2","author":"WM Gluf","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gluf WM, Brockmeyer DL (2005) Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation: a review of surgical indications, fusion rate, complications, and lessons learned in 67 pediatric patients. J Neurosurg Spine 2:164\u2013169","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"3876_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199311000-00037","volume":"18","author":"MG Hamilton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hamilton MG, MacRae ME (1993) Atlantoaxial dislocation as the presenting symptom of ankylosing spondylitis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 18:2344\u20132346","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"3876_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.5.0671","volume":"87","author":"DW Lowry","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lowry DW, Pollack IF, Clyde B, Albright AL, Adelson PD (1997) Upper cervical spine fusion in the pediatric population. J Neurosurg 87:671\u2013676","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3876_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000221802.83549.46","volume":"62","author":"P Platzer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Platzer P, Jaindl M, Thalhammer G, Dittrich S, Kutscha-Lissberg F, Vecsei V, Gaebler C (2007) Cervical spine injuries in pediatric patients. J Trauma 62:389\u2013396 discussion 394-386","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"3876_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199009000-00006","volume":"10","author":"SJ Tredwell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tredwell SJ, Newman DE, Lockitch G (1990) Instability of the upper cervical spine in Down syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 10:602\u2013606","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"3876_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2003.12.011","volume":"39","author":"B Cirak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cirak B, Ziegfeld S, Knight VM, Chang D, Avellino AM, Paidas CN (2004) Spinal injuries in children. J Pediatr Surg 39:607\u2013612","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3876_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.20022","volume":"36","author":"ER Kokoska","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kokoska ER, Keller MS, Rallo MC, Weber TR (2001) Characteristics of pediatric cervical spine injuries. J Pediatr Surg 36:100\u2013105","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3876_CR12","first-page":"12","volume":"92","author":"MA Eleraky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eleraky MA, Theodore N, Adams M, Rekate HL, Sonntag VK (2000) Pediatric cervical spine injuries: report of 102 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 92:12\u201317","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3876_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.PEDS14728","volume":"17","author":"BC Kennedy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kennedy BC, D'Amico RS, Youngerman BE, McDowell MM, Hooten KG, Couture D, Jea A, Leonard J, Lew SM, Pincus DW, Rodriguez L, Tuite GF, Diluna ML, Brockmeyer DL, Anderson RC, Pediatric Craniocervical S (2016) Long-term growth and alignment after occipitocervical and atlantoaxial fusion with rigid internal fixation in young children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 17:94\u2013102. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.5.PEDS14728","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"3876_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.8.SPINE12770","volume":"17","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang SW, Gressot LV, Rangel-Castilla L, Whitehead WE, Curry DJ, Bollo RJ, Luerssen TG, Jea A (2012) Outcomes of instrumented fusion in the pediatric cervical spine. J Neurosurg Spine 17:397\u2013409. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.8.SPINE12770","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3876_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1116-4","volume":"19","author":"P Lauweryns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lauweryns P (2010) Role of conservative treatment of cervical spine injuries. Eur Spine J 19(Suppl 1):S23\u2013S26. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-009-1116-4","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"3876_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.7.PEDS1138","volume":"8","author":"DL Brockmeyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brockmeyer DL, Brockmeyer MM, Bragg T (2011) Atlantal hemi-rings and craniocervical instability: identification, clinical characteristics, and management. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:357\u2013362. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.7.PEDS1138","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"3876_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS1432","volume":"14","author":"MD Mazur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mazur MD, Sivakumar W, Riva-Cambrin J, Jones J, Brockmeyer DL (2014) Avoiding early complications and reoperation during occipitocervical fusion in pediatric patients. J Neurosurg Pediatr 14:465\u2013475","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"3876_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.6.1175","volume":"151","author":"S Ehara","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ehara S, el-Khoury GY, Sato Y (1988) Cervical spine injury in children: radiologic manifestations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 151:1175\u20131178. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.151.6.1175","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"3876_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2527-z","volume":"31","author":"S Ha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ha S, Lee SH, Kim ES, Shin HJ, Eoh W (2015) Highly unstable cervical spine injury in an infant: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst 31:341\u2013346. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-014-2527-z","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"3876_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E400","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822e82e5","volume":"37","author":"K Hamoud","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamoud K, Hershkovitz I, Hanani A, Marom L, Abbas J (2012) Internal stabilization of a flexion-distraction injury of the upper cervical spine of a toddler: a new technique and literature review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37:E400\u2013E407. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822e82e5","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"3876_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3436-2","volume":"24","author":"T Odent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Odent T, Bou Ghosn R, Dusabe JP, Zerah M, Glorion C (2015) Internal fixation with occipital hooks construct for occipito-cervical arthrodesis. Results in 14 young or small children. Eur Spine J 24:94\u2013100. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-014-3436-2","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"715","key":"3876_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.12.079","volume":"78","author":"EC Benzel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benzel EC, Zhang DH, Iannotti C, Refai D, Ruggieri P, Krishnaney A (2012) Occipitocervical fusion in an infant with atlantooccipital dislocation. World Neurosurg 78(715):e717\u2013e724. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.12.079","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"3876_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199907150-00007","volume":"24","author":"K Abumi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abumi K, Takada T, Shono Y, Kaneda K, Fujiya M (1999) Posterior occipitocervical reconstruction using cervical pedicle screws and plate-rod systems. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24:1425\u20131434","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"3876_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199407030-00004","volume":"7","author":"B Jeanneret","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jeanneret B, Gebhard JS, Magerl F (1994) Transpedicular screw fixation of articular mass fracture-separation: results of an anatomical study and operative technique. J Spinal Disord 7:222\u2013229","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"3876_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199911150-00015","volume":"24","author":"I Oda","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oda I, Abumi K, Sell LC, Haggerty CJ, Cunningham BW, McAfee PC (1999) Biomechanical evaluation of five different occipito-atlanto-axial fixation techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24:2377\u20132382","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"3876_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198909010-00011","volume":"9","author":"DL Evans","year":"1989","unstructured":"Evans DL, Bethem D (1989) Cervical spine injuries in children. J Pediatr Orthop 9:563\u2013568","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"3876_CR27","first-page":"50","volume":"6","author":"E Hooley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hooley E, Chaput CD, Rahm M (2006) Internal fixation without fusion of a flexion-distraction injury in the lower cervical spine of a three-year-old. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) J 6:50\u201354","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976) J"},{"key":"3876_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0392-z","volume":"11","author":"T Fagerstrom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fagerstrom T, Hedlund R (2002) Cotrel Dubousset instrumentation in occipito-cervico-thoracic fusion. Eur Spine J 11:364\u2013374. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-002-0392-z","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"3876_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466030-00013","volume":"66","author":"SE Koop","year":"1984","unstructured":"Koop SE, Winter RB, Lonstein JE (1984) The surgical treatment of instability of the upper part of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66:403\u2013411","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"3876_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00270710","volume":"3","author":"GA Flint","year":"1987","unstructured":"Flint GA, Hockley AD (1987) Internal fixation for atlanto-axial instability in children. Childs Nerv Syst 3:368\u2013370","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"3876_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199507000-00026","volume":"15","author":"M Higo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Higo M, Sakou T, Taketomi E, Kojyo T (1995) Occipitocervical fusion by Luque loop rod instrumentation in Down syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 15:539\u2013542","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"3876_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00503","volume":"97","author":"I Helenius","year":"2015","unstructured":"Helenius I, Crawford H, Sponseller PD, Odent T, Bernstein RM, Stans AA, Hedequist D, Phillips JH (2015) Rigid fixation improves outcomes of spinal fusion for C1-C2 instability in children with skeletal dysplasias. J Bone Joint Surg Am 97:232\u2013240. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.N.00503","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"3876_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1141-y","volume":"26","author":"OM Mueller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mueller OM, Gasser T, Hellwig A, Dohna-Schwake C, Sure U (2010) Instable cervical spine injury in a toddler: technical note. Childs Nerv Syst 26:1625\u20131631. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-010-1141-y","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"3876_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1386-5","volume":"27","author":"M Visocchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Visocchi M, Della Pepa GM, Doglietto F, Esposito G, La Rocca G, Massimi L (2011) Video-assisted microsurgical transoral approach to the craniovertebral junction: personal experience in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 27:825\u2013831","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"3876_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0277-6","volume":"151","author":"M Visocchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Visocchi M, Fernandez E, Ciampini A, Di Rocco C (2009) Reducible and irreducible os odontoideum in childhood treated with posterior wiring, instrumentation and fusion. Past or present? Acta Neurochir 151:1265\u20131274","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"3876_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0271-z","volume":"151","author":"M Visocchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Visocchi M, Pietrini D, Tufo T, Fernandez E, Di Rocco C (2009) Pre-operative irreducible C1\u2013C2 dislocations: intra-operative reduction and posterior fixation. The \u201calways posterior strategy\u201d. Acta Neurochir 151:551\u2013559 discussion 560","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-018-3876-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-018-3876-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-018-3876-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T19:23:13Z","timestamp":1561749793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-018-3876-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-018-3876-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0256-7040"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-0350"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Janjua: Nothing to disclose.Samdani: Consultant for DePuy Synthes Spine, Globus Medical, Ethicon, Misonix, Stryker, Zimmer Biomet.Baaj: Royalties Thieme Medical Publishers, honoraria AO Spine.H\u00e4rtl: Consultant for DePuy Synthes Spine.Pahys: Consultant for DePuy Synthes Spine, Globus Medical, Zimmer Biomet.Hwang: Speakers bureau Zimmer Biomet.Greenfield: Nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}