{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T16:39:29Z","timestamp":1764002369276,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Brainstem abscess is a rare condition accounting for merely 1% of brain abscesses incidence in the pediatric population. This study aimed to present a single patient with a pontine abscess and review the literature to highlight clinical features, diagnosis, and management of brainstem abscess.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The PubMed database was screened for English-language articles concerning pediatric brainstem abscess. We, therefore, identified 22 publications, which concisely depict 23 cases. Our study reports on the 24th pediatric patient diagnosed with that entity. All included reports were analyzed in terms of clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of described patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There was slight women predominance (15:9), with a mean age of occurrence 6.4\u00a0years, ranging from 7\u00a0months to 16\u00a0years. Pons was the most common location of brainstem abscess, occurring in 75% of patients. Clinically, they mostly presented with cranial nerves palsy (79.2%), hemiparesis (66.7%), and pyramidal signs (45.8%). The classic triad of symptoms, including fever, headache, and the focal neurologic deficit was present in 20.8% of patients. Positive pus cultures were obtained in 61.1%. Streptococci and Staphylococci were the most frequently identified pus microorganisms. Outcomes were satisfactory, with a 79.2% rate of general improvement.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Neurosurgical aspiration is a safe and beneficial therapeutic method. It should always be considered and should promptly be performed when the conservative treatment is not successful and clinical deterioration occurs. Prognosis in pediatric brainstem abscess is generally favorable. Most patients recover with minor neurologic deficits or improve completely.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04835-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T22:06:25Z","timestamp":1596146785000},"page":"2919-2926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Clinical features, microbiology, and management of pediatric brainstem abscess"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0145-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Antkowiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Putz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2141-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Mandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4835_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/24\/6\/E3","volume":"24","author":"RK Moorthy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moorthy RK, Rajshekhar V (2008) Management of brain abscess: an overview. Neurosurg Focus 24(6):E3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/24\/6\/E3","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"5","key":"4835_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1301635","volume":"371","author":"MC Brouwer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, McKhann GM 2nd, van de Beek D (2014) Brain abscess. N Engl J Med 371(5):447\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1301635","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"4835_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.11.043","volume":"75","author":"N Nathoo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nathoo N, Nadvi SS, Narotam PK, van Dellen JR (2011) Brain abscess: management and outcome analysis of a computed tomography era experience with 973 patients. World Neurosurg 75(5\u20136):716\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.11.043","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4835_CR4","first-page":"144","volume":"54","author":"Y Ozs\u00fcrekci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ozs\u00fcrekci Y, Kara A, Cengiz AB, Celik M, Ozkaya-Parlakay A, Karada\u011f-Oncel E, Ceyhan M (2012) Brain abscess in childhood: a 28-year experience. Turk J Pediatr 54(2):144\u2013149","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4835_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-1024-1","volume":"21","author":"T Suzer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suzer T, Coskun E, Cirak B, Yagci B, Tahta K (2005) Brain stem abscesses in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 21(1):27\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-004-1024-1","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"7","key":"4835_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1441-x","volume":"27","author":"H Ghannane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghannane H, Laghmari M, Aniba K, Lmejjati M, Benali SA (2011) Diagnostic and management of pediatric brain stem abscess, a case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst 27(7):1053\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-011-1441-x","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"4835_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2801-8","volume":"31","author":"JH Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim JH, Jung TY, Jung SH, Lee KH, Kim SK (2015) Pediatric brainstem abscess with hemorrhage mimicking diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst 31(12):2359\u20132362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-015-2801-8","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.40.3.0391","volume":"40","author":"J Danziger","year":"1974","unstructured":"Danziger J, Allen KL, Bloch S (1974) Brain-stem abscess in childhood. Case report. J Neurosurg 40(3):391\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1974.40.3.0391","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR9","first-page":"153","volume":"3","author":"CM Robert Jr","year":"1975","unstructured":"Robert CM Jr, Stern WE, Brown WJ, Greenfield MA, Bentson JR (1975) Brain stem abscess treated surgically. Wtih special note upon the employment of thorium dioxide. Surg Neurol 3(3):153\u2013160","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4835_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000114752","volume":"14","author":"M Kozik","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kozik M, Ozarzewska E (1976) A solitary abscess of the medulla oblongata. Eur Neurol 14(4):302\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000114752","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4835_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.1.0106","volume":"47","author":"AV Messina","year":"1977","unstructured":"Messina AV, Guido LJ, Liebeskind AL (1977) Preoperative diagnosis of brain-stem abscess by computerized tomography with survival. Case report. J Neurosurg 47(1):106\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1977.47.1.0106","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"4835_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.7.625","volume":"40","author":"JA Russell","year":"1977","unstructured":"Russell JA, Shaw MD (1977) Chronic abscess of the brain stem. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40(7):625\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.40.7.625","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"4835_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.53.5.0726","volume":"53","author":"J Vaquero","year":"1980","unstructured":"Vaquero J, Cabezudo JM, Leunda G (1980) Nonsurgical resolution of a brain-stem abscess. Case report. J Neurosurg 53(5):726\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1980.53.5.0726","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4835_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(87)90208-4","volume":"28","author":"S Kashiwagi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kashiwagi S, Abiko S, Aoki H (1987) Brainstem abscess. Surg Neurol 28(1):63\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0090-3019(87)90208-4","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198703000-00022","volume":"20","author":"HJ Nauta","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nauta HJ, Contreras FL, Weiner RL, Crofford MJ (1987) Brain stem abscess managed with computed tomography-guided stereotactic aspiration. Neurosurgery. 20(3):476\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-198703000-00022","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699209002934","volume":"6","author":"ZA Jamjoom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jamjoom ZA (1992) Solitary brainstem abscess successfully treated by microsurgical aspiration. Br J Neurosurg 6(3):249\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02688699209002934","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"10","key":"4835_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11389.x","volume":"34","author":"HS Wang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wang HS, Kuo MF, Huang SC (1992) Medical cure of a brainstem abscess and serial brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Dev Med Child Neurol 34(10):911\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11389.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4835_CR18","first-page":"547","volume":"30","author":"G Wabi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wabi G (1993) Brain stem abscess. Indian Pediatr 30(4):547\u2013548","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4835_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199402000-00025","volume":"34","author":"V Rajshekhar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ (1994) Successful stereotactic management of a large cardiogenic brain stem abscess. Neurosurgery. 34(2):368\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-199402000-00025","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.35.160","volume":"35","author":"H Imai","year":"1995","unstructured":"Imai H, Ono N, Zama A, Tamura M (1995) Diagnosis and treatment of brainstem abscess using magnetic resonance imaging and microsurgical aspiration--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 35(3):160\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.35.160","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR21","first-page":"272","volume":"48","author":"JD Pandian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pandian JD, Moosa NV, Cherian PJ, Radhakrishnan K (2000) Brainstem abscess complicating tetralogy of Fallot successfully treated with antibiotics alone. Neurol India 48(3):272\u2013275","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"1","key":"4835_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/026886901300004120","volume":"15","author":"S Fuentes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fuentes S, Bouillot P, Regis J, Lena G, Choux M (2001) Management of brain stem abscess. Br J Neurosurg 15(1):57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/026886901300004120","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.181544","volume":"64","author":"RV Ramdasi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ramdasi RV, Patil MK, Muzumdar DP (2016) Solitary pyogenic brainstem abscess. Neurol India 64(3):572\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.181544","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2016.1198560","volume":"37","author":"M Prasanna Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prasanna Kumar M, Krishnamurthy S, Venkateswaran VS, Mahadevan S, Lalitha M, Sistla S, Nagarajan K (2017) Brainstem micro-abscesses caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in a 10-month-old infant: a case report. Paediatr Int Child Health 37(3):230\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20469047.2016.1198560","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR25","first-page":"207","volume":"121","author":"TT Yoshikawa","year":"1974","unstructured":"Yoshikawa TT, Goodman SJ (1974) Brain abscess. West J Med 121(3):207\u2013219","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4835_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E483","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318218cf37","volume":"69","author":"V Arzoglou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arzoglou V, D'Angelo L, Koutzoglou M, Di Rocco C (2011) Abscess of the medulla oblongata in a toddler: case report and technical considerations based on magnetic resonance imaging tractography. Neurosurgery. 69(2):E483\u2013E487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318218cf37","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"8","key":"4835_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01780.x","volume":"99","author":"Y Shachor-Meyouhas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shachor-Meyouhas Y, Bar-Joseph G, Guilburd JN, Lorber A, Hadash A, Kassis I (2010) Brain abscess in children - epidemiology, predisposing factors and management in the modern medicine era. Acta Paediatr 99(8):1163\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01780.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4835_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.18672-16.1","volume":"28","author":"M Acar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Acar M, Sutcu M, Akturk H, Muradova A, Torun SH, Salman N, Caliskan M, Izgi N, Somer A (2018) Evaluation of short-term neurological outcomes in children with brain abscesses. Turk Neurosurg 28(1):79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.18672-16.1","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4835_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1053\/spid.2003.127227","volume":"14","author":"X S\u00e1ez-Llorens","year":"2003","unstructured":"S\u00e1ez-Llorens X (2003) Brain abscess in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 14(2):108\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/spid.2003.127227","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4835_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1782-8","volume":"32","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mishra AK, Fournier PE (2013) The role of Streptococcus intermedius in brain abscess. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 32(4):477\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-012-1782-8","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"4835_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000172","volume":"82","author":"MC Brouwer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brouwer MC, Coutinho JM, van de Beek D (2014) Clinical characteristics and outcome of brain abscess: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 82(9):806\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000172","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"7","key":"4835_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04182-4","volume":"35","author":"C Mameli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mameli C, Genoni T, Madia C, Doneda C, Penagini F, Zuccotti G (2019) Brain abscess in pediatric age: a review. Childs Nerv Syst 35(7):1117\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-019-04182-4","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"4835_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182748d6e","volume":"32","author":"S Felsenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Felsenstein S, Williams B, Shingadia D, Coxon L, Riordan A, Demetriades AK, Chandler CL, Bassi S, Koutoumanou E, Stapleton S, Sharland M, Bryant PA (2013) Clinical and microbiologic features guiding treatment recommendations for brain abscesses in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32(2):129\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182748d6e","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"10","key":"4835_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.01.048","volume":"13","author":"CH Lu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lu CH, Chang WN, Lui CC (2006) Strategies for the management of bacterial brain abscess. J Clin Neurosci 13(10):979\u2013985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.01.048","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4835_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.12.035","volume":"38","author":"I Brook","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brook I (2017) Microbiology and treatment of brain abscess. J Clin Neurosci 38:8\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.12.035","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4835_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/24\/6\/E6","volume":"24","author":"JP Sheehan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sheehan JP, Jane JA, Ray DK, Goodkin HP (2008) Brain abscess in children. Neurosurg Focus 24(6):E6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/24\/6\/E6","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4835_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.012","volume":"71","author":"CM Bonfield","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Sharma J, Dobson S (2015) Pediatric intracranial abscesses. J Inf Secur 71(Suppl 1):S42\u2013S46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.012","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"issue":"9","key":"4835_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.05.004","volume":"23","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sonneville R, Ruimy R, Benzonana N, Riffaud L, Carsin A, Tadi\u00e9 JM, Piau C, Revest M, Tattevin P, ESCMID Study Group for Infectious Diseases of the Brain (ESGIB) (2017) An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 23(9):614\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.05.004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.03.032","volume":"66","author":"JS Reddy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reddy JS, Mishra AM, Behari S, Husain M, Gupta V, Rastogi M, Gupta RK (2006) The role of diffusion-weighted imaging in the differential diagnosis of intracranial cystic mass lesions: a report of 147 lesions. Surg Neurol 66(3):246\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.03.032","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4835_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850701477728","volume":"48","author":"BR Foerster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foerster BR, Thurnher MM, Malani PN, Petrou M, Carets-Zumelzu F, Sundgren PC (2007) Intracranial infections: clinical and imaging characteristics. Acta Radiol 48(8):875\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02841850701477728","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4835_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.07.080","volume":"68","author":"PH Lai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lai PH, Hsu SS, Ding SW, Ko CW, Fu JH, Weng MJ, Yeh LR, Wu MT, Liang HL, Chen CK, Pan HB (2007) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging in intracranial cystic mass lesions. Surg Neurol 68(Suppl 1):S25\u2013S36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.07.080","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4835_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2581","volume":"32","author":"CH Toh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Toh CH, Wei KC, Ng SH, Wan YL, Lin CP, Castillo M (2011) Differentiation of brain abscesses from necrotic glioblastomas and cystic metastatic brain tumors with diffusion tensor imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32(9):1646\u20131651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2581","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4835_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.03.063","volume":"84","author":"P Frassanito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frassanito P, Tamburrini G, Massimi L, Caldarelli M, Di Rocco C (2015) Ghost tumors of the central nervous system: definition, clinical implications, and proposal of classification. World Neurosurg 84(3):663\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.03.063","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4835_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000334","volume":"30","author":"MC Brouwer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brouwer MC, van de Beek D (2017) Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of brain abscesses. Curr Opin Infect Dis 30(1):129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000334","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4835_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-004-0067-8","volume":"4","author":"GL Bernardini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bernardini GL (2004) Diagnosis and management of brain abscess and subdural empyema. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 4(6):448\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-004-0067-8","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4835_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.04.003","volume":"10","author":"E Tonon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tonon E, Scotton PG, Gallucci M, Vaglia A (2006) Brain abscess: clinical aspects of 100 patients. Int J Infect Dis 10(2):103\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.04.003","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"4835_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3886-7","volume":"34","author":"M Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen M, Low DCY, Low SYY, Muzumdar D, Seow WT (2018) Management of brain abscesses: where are we now? Childs Nerv Syst 34(10):1871\u20131880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-018-3886-7","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"4835_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1608-0","volume":"4","author":"N Yakut","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yakut N, Kadayifci EK, Karaaslan A, Atici S, Akkoc G, Ocal Demir S, Dagcinar A, Akbulut F, Soysal A, Bak\u0131r M (2015) Bra\u0131n abscess due to Streptococcus intermedius secondary to mastoiditis in a child. Springerplus. 4:809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-015-1608-0","journal-title":"Springerplus."},{"issue":"6","key":"4835_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.6.472","volume":"53","author":"D Leys","year":"1990","unstructured":"Leys D, Christiaens JL, Derambure P, Hladky JP, Lesoin F, Rousseaux M, Jomin M, Petit H (1990) Management of focal intracranial infections: is medical treatment better than surgery? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53(6):472\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.53.6.472","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"4835_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.05.010","volume":"14","author":"M Arlotti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arlotti M, Grossi P, Pea F, Tomei G, Vullo V, De Rosa FG, Di Perri G, Nicastri E, Lauria FN, Carosi G, Moroni M, Ippolito G, GISIG (Gruppo Italiano di Studio sulle Infezioni Gravi) Working Group on Brain Abscesses (2010) Consensus document on controversial issues for the treatment of infections of the central nervous system: bacterial brain abscesses. Int J Infect Dis 14(Suppl 4):S79\u2013S92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.05.010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4835_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199105000-00020","volume":"28","author":"A Ruelle","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ruelle A, Zerbi D, Zuccarello M, Andrioli G (1991) Brain stem abscess treated successfully by medical therapy. Neurosurgery. 28(5):742\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-199105000-00020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-020-04835-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-020-04835-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-020-04835-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T23:25:01Z","timestamp":1627601101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-020-04835-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-020-04835-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0256-7040"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-0350"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Authors state that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}