{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:32:21Z","timestamp":1790879541376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the surgical and neurodevelopmental outcomes (NDO) of infant hydrocephalus. We also sought to determine whether these outcomes are disproportionately poorer in post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) compared to other causes of infant hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A review of all infants with hydrocephalus who had ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts inserted at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) from 2008 to 2018 was performed. Demographic, surgical, neurodevelopmental, and other clinical data extracted from electronic patient notes were analysed by aetiology. Shunt survival, NDO, cerebral palsy (CP), epilepsy, speech delay, education, behavioural disorders, endocrine dysfunction, and mortality were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 323 infants with median gestational age of 37.0 (23.29\u201342.14) weeks and birthweight of 2640\u00a0g (525\u20134684\u00a0g) were evaluated. PHH was the most common aetiology (31.9%) and was associated with significantly higher 5-year shunt revision rates, revisions beyond a year, and median number of revisions than congenital or \u201cother\u201d hydrocephalus (all<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.02). Cox regression demonstrated poorest shunt survival in PHH, related to gestational age at birth and corrected age at shunt insertion. PHH also had the highest rate of severe disabilities, increasing with age to 65.0% at 10\u00a0years, as well as the highest CP rate; only genetic hydrocephalus had significantly higher endocrine dysfunction (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and mortality rates (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants with PHH have poorer surgical and NDO compared to all other aetiologies, except genetic hydrocephalus. Research into measures of reducing neurodisability following PHH is urgently required. Long-term follow-up is essential to optimise support and outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05226-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T22:02:20Z","timestamp":1624140140000},"page":"3385-3396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus is associated with poorer surgical and neurodevelopmental sequelae than other causes of infant hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malak","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saniya","family":"Mediratta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswin","family":"Chari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristine Sortica","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Dawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Aquilina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5226_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1453-6","volume":"27","author":"EK Persson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Persson EK, Lindquist B, Uvebrant P, Fernell E (2011) Very long-term follow-up of adults treated in infancy for hydrocephalus. Child\u2019s Nervous System 27:1477\u20131481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-011-1453-6","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964868","volume":"37","author":"EK Persson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Persson EK, Hagberg G, Uvebrant P (2006) Disabilities in children with hydrocephalus \u2014 a population-based study of children aged between four and twelve years. Neuropediatrics 37:330\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-964868","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"5226_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000447410","volume":"52","author":"DO Gonzalez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonzalez DO, Mahida JB, Asti L et al (2016) Predictors of ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure in children undergoing initial placement or revision. Pediatr Neurosurg 52:6\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000447410","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"5226_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.PEDS14670","volume":"17","author":"J Riva-Cambrin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riva-Cambrin J, Kestle JRW, Holubkov R et al (2016) Risk factors for shunt malfunction in pediatric hydrocephalus: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 17:382\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.6.PEDS14670","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000121229","volume":"27","author":"ATH Casey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Casey ATH, Kimmings EJ, Kleinlugtebeld AD et al (1997) The long-term outlook for hydrocephalus in childhood. Pediatr Neurosurg 27:63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000121229","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"5226_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.7.PEDS08371","volume":"4","author":"C Notarianni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Notarianni C, Vannemreddy P, Caldito G et al (2009) Congenital hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunts: influence of etiology and programmable shunts on revisions \u2014 clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr 4:547\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.7.PEDS08371","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0031","volume":"92","author":"S Tuli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tuli S, Drake J, Lawless J et al (2000) Risk factors for repeated cerebrospinal shunt failures in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 92:31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0031","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5226_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3171\/PED-07\/11\/358","volume":"107","author":"A Kulkarni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kulkarni A, v., Shams I, (2007) Quality of life in children with hydrocephalus: results from the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. J Neurosurg 107:358\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/PED-07\/11\/358","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5226_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3896-5","volume":"34","author":"A Kulkarni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kulkarni A, v., Sgouros S, Leitner Y, Constantini S, (2018) International Infant Hydrocephalus Study (IIHS): 5-year health outcome results of a prospective, multicenter comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and shunt for infant hydrocephalus. Child\u2019s Nervous System 34:2391\u20132397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-018-3896-5","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200102000-00013","volume":"49","author":"K Savman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Savman K, Nilsson UA, Blennow M et al (2001) Non-protein-bound iron is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from preterm infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. Pediatr Res 49:208\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-200102000-00013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"5226_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02834.x","volume":"91","author":"K S\u00e4vman","year":"2002","unstructured":"S\u00e4vman K, Blennow M, Hagberg H et al (2002) Cytokine response in cerebrospinal fluid from preterm infants with posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 91:1357\u20131363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02834.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics"},{"key":"5226_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.70.2.f123","volume":"70","author":"E Fernell","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fernell E, Hagberg G, Hagberg B (1994) Infantile hydrocephalus epidemiology: an indicator of enhanced survival. Arch Dis Child 70:123\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fn.70.2.f123","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"5226_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-012-0372-2","volume":"8","author":"T Xiong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiong T, Gonzalez F, Mu DZ (2012) An overview of risk factors for poor neurodevelopmental outcome associated with prematurity. World Journal of Pediatrics 8:293\u2013300","journal-title":"World Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"5226_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199603000-00016","volume":"38","author":"HL Brydon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brydon HL, Bayston R, Hayward R, Harkness W (1996) The effect of protein and blood cells on the flow-pressure characteristics of shunts. Neurosurgery 38:498\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-199603000-00016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"5226_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810000429","volume":"17","author":"AG Taylor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taylor AG, Peter JC (2001) Advantages of delayed VP shunting in post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus seen in low-birth-weight infants. Child\u2019s Nervous System 17:328\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003810000429","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-001-0519-2","volume":"17","author":"A Reinprecht","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reinprecht A, Dietrich W, Berger A et al (2001) Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: long-term follow-up and shunt-related complications. Child\u2019s Nervous System 17:663\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-001-0519-2","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","volume":"147","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M et al (2007) The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 147:573\u2013577","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5226_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00573851","volume":"12","author":"B Resch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Resch B, Gedermann A, Maurer U et al (1996) Neurodevelopmental outcome of hydrocephalus following intra-\/periventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants: short- and long-term results. Child\u2019s Nervous System 12:27\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00573851","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.12.900","volume":"56","author":"MI Levene","year":"1981","unstructured":"Levene MI (1981) Measurement of the growth of the lateral ventricles in preterm infants with real-time ultrasound. Arch Dis Child 56:900\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.56.12.900","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"5226_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3281-1","volume":"33","author":"AH Paulsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paulsen AH, Due-T\u00f8nnessen BJ, Lundar T, Lindegaard KF (2017) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting and ventriculocisternostomy (ETV) in 400 pediatric patients. Shifts in understanding, diagnostics, case-mix, and surgical management during half a century. Child\u2019s Nervous System 33:259\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-016-3281-1","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.10.PEDS11307","volume":"9","author":"TD Simon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simon TD, Whitlock KB, Riva-Cambrin J et al (2012) Association of intraventricular hemorrhage secondary to prematurity with cerebrospinal fluid shunt surgery in the first year following initial shunt placement: clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr 9:54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.10.PEDS11307","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000325871.60129.23","volume":"62","author":"SS Shah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shah SS, Hall M, Slonim AD et al (2008) A multicenter study of factors influencing cerebrospinal fluid shunt survival in infants and children. Neurosurgery 62:1095\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000325871.60129.23","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"5226_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307928","volume":"6","author":"W Serlo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Serlo W, Fernell E, Heikkinen E et al (1990) Functions and complications of shunts in different etiologies of childhood hydrocephalus. Child\u2019s Nervous System 6:92\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00307928","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucir.2016.12.004","volume":"28","author":"S Iglesias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iglesias S, Ros B, Mart\u00edn \u00c1 et al (2017) Factors related to shunt survival in paediatric hydrocephalus. Could failure be avoided? Neurocirugia 28:159\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucir.2016.12.004","journal-title":"Neurocirugia"},{"key":"5226_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1159\/000149904","volume":"44","author":"M Lacy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lacy M, Pyykkonen BA, Hunter SJ et al (2008) Intellectual functioning in children with early shunted posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 44:376\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000149904","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"5226_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.08.024","volume":"24","author":"BE Buster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buster BE, Bonney PA, Cheema AA et al (2016) Proximal ventricular shunt malfunctions in children: factors associated with failure. J Clin Neurosci 24:94\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.08.024","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"5226_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000319365","volume":"46","author":"T Appelgren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Appelgren T, Zetterstrand S, Elfversson J, Nilsson D (2010) Long-term outcome after treatment of hydrocephalus in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 46:221\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000319365","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"5226_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050223","volume":"14","author":"JA Lazareff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lazareff JA, Peacock W, Holly L et al (1998) Multiple shunt failures: an analysis of relevant factors. Child\u2019s Nervous System 14:271\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003810050223","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.7.PEDS20199","volume":"27","author":"BG Rocque","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rocque BG, Waldrop RP, Shamblin I et al (2020) Shunt failure clusters: an analysis of multiple, frequent shunt failures. JNS Pediatr 27:287\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.7.PEDS20199","journal-title":"JNS Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1968-5","volume":"29","author":"A Nagy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nagy A, Bognar L, Pataki I et al (2013) Ventriculosubgaleal shunt in the treatment of posthemorrhagic and postinfectious hydrocephalus of premature infants. Child\u2019s Nervous System 29:413\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-012-1968-5","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.013","volume":"164","author":"TD Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon TD, Butler J, Whitlock KB et al (2014) Risk factors for first cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: findings from a multi-center prospective cohort study. J Pediatr 164:1462\u20131468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/ejpn.2001.0555","volume":"6","author":"I Heinsbergen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heinsbergen I, Rotteveel J, Roeleveld N, Grotenhuis A (2002) Outcome in shunted hydrocephalic children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 6:99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ejpn.2001.0555","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"5226_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.5.591","volume":"67","author":"GM Hunt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hunt GM, Oakeshott P, Kerry S (1999) Link between the CSF shunt and achievement in adults with spina bifida. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:591\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.67.5.591","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"5226_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.PEDS14364","volume":"15","author":"JAE Radic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Radic JAE, Vincer M, McNeely PD (2015) Outcomes of intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in a population-based cohort of very preterm infants born to residents of Nova Scotia from 1993 to 2010. J Neurosurg Pediatr 15:580\u2013588","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0209-5","volume":"38","author":"RA Dorner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorner RA, Burton VJ, Allen MC et al (2018) Preterm neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome: a focus on intraventricular hemorrhage, post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, and associated brain injury. J Perinatol 38:1431\u20131443","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"5226_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-318989","volume":"106","author":"NL Hollebrandse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hollebrandse NL, Spittle AJ, Burnett AC et al (2021) School-age outcomes following intraventricular haemorrhage in infants born extremely preterm. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106:4\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2020-318989","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"5226_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0245-5","volume":"253","author":"J Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang J, Williams MA, Rigamonti D (2006) Genetics of human hydrocephalus. J Neurol 253:1255\u20131266","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5226_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-0037-8","volume":"22","author":"M Vinchon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vinchon M, Dhellemmes P (2006) Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: risk factors and long-term follow-up. Child\u2019s Nervous System 22:692\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-005-0037-8","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050186","volume":"14","author":"E Hoppe-Hirsch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hoppe-Hirsch E, Laroussinie F, Brunet L et al (1998) Late outcome of the surgical treatment of hydrocephalus. Child\u2019s Nervous System 14:97\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003810050186","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313587","volume":"10","author":"JF Hirsch","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hirsch JF (1994) Consensus: long-term outcome in hydrocephalus. Child\u2019s Nervous System 10:64\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00313587","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System"},{"key":"5226_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250103","volume":"25","author":"JJ Volpe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Volpe JJ (1989) Intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant\u2014current concepts. Part I Annals of Neurology 25:3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410250103","journal-title":"Part I Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"5226_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.011","volume":"59","author":"HM Tully","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tully HM, Kukull WA, Mueller BA (2016) Clinical and surgical factors associated with increased epilepsy risk in children with hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurol 59:18\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.02.011","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"5226_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1258\/smj.2011.011286","volume":"57","author":"R Sumpter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sumpter R, Dorris L, Brannan G, Carachi R (2012) Quality of life and behavioural adjustment in childhood hydrocephalus. Scott Med J 57:18\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/smj.2011.011286","journal-title":"Scott Med J"},{"key":"5226_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050672","volume":"156","author":"F Hochhaus","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochhaus F, Butenandt O, Schwarz HP, Ring-Mrozik E (1997) Auxological and endocrinological evaluation of children with hydrocephalus and\/or meningomyelocele. Eur J Pediatr 156:597\u2013601","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.100635","volume":"16","author":"V Chaudhary","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chaudhary V, Bano S (2012) Imaging of pediatric pituitary endocrinopathies. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 16:682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.100635","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"5226_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(09)60026-7","volume":"50","author":"IC Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee IC, Lee HS, Su PH et al (2009) Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in newborns: clinical characteristics and role of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Pediatr Neonatol 50:26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1875-9572(09)60026-7","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"5226_CR47","unstructured":"Bayley N (1993) Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd ed.)"},{"key":"5226_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog2138.2016","volume":"43","author":"NS Gezer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gezer NS, Gezer C, Ekin A et al (2016) Obstetric and neurodevelopmental outcome in fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 43:490\u2013494","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"5226_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000094322.12621.02","volume":"61","author":"HJ Fullerton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fullerton HJ, Aminoff AR, Ferriero DM et al (2003) Neurodevelopmental outcome after endovascular treatment of vein of Galen malformations. Neurology 61:1386\u20131390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000094322.12621.02","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5226_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(02)00395-8","volume":"27","author":"Y Futagi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Futagi Y, Suzuki Y, Toribe Y, Morimoto K (2002) Neurodevelopmental outcome in children with fetal hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurol 27:111\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-8994(02)00395-8","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"5226_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(87)90078-6","volume":"3","author":"PC Etches","year":"1987","unstructured":"Etches PC, Ward TF, Bhui PS et al (1987) Outcome of shunted posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants. Pediatr Neurol 3:136\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0887-8994(87)90078-6","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"5226_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.04.011","volume":"15","author":"SA van Zanten","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Zanten SA, de Haan TR, Ursum J, van Sonderen L (2011) Neurodevelopmental outcome of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation at 12 and 24 months corrected age with high-threshold therapy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 15:487\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.04.011","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"5226_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.08.014","volume":"226","author":"MN Cizmeci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cizmeci MN, Groenendaal F, Liem KD et al (2020) Randomized controlled early versus late ventricular intervention study in posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: outcome at 2 years. J Pediatr 226:28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.08.014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5226_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004984","volume":"90","author":"LM Leijser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leijser LM, Miller SP, van Wezel-Meijler G et al (2018) Posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in preterm infants: when best to intervene? Neurology 90:698\u2013706","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5226_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16910.x","volume":"32","author":"GM Hunt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hunt GM (1990) Open spina bifida: outcome for a complete cohort treated unselectively and followed into adulthood. Dev Med Child Neurol 32:108\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16910.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05226-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05226-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05226-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T19:57:38Z","timestamp":1672516658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05226-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05226-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-7040","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was a service evaluation approved by the Great Ormond Street Hospital Clinical Audit Team, and conducted in line with STROBE guidelines (Supplementary Information).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"As this study utilised pooled, non-identifiable data collected during normal clinical care, it was excluded from the Research Ethics Committee review and the requirement for informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}