{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:20:54Z","timestamp":1786980054816,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05359-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T09:04:03Z","timestamp":1631783043000},"page":"33-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neuroimaging of paediatric pineal, sellar and suprasellar tumours: a guide to differential diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5577-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma A.","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar A. P. F.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Picariello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Aquilina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotirios","family":"Bisdas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Loebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kshitij","family":"Mankad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"D\u2019Arco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5359_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not309","volume":"16","author":"E Desandes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desandes E, Guissou S, Chastagner P, Lacour B (2014) Incidence and survival of children with central nervous system primitive tumors in the French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors. Neuro Oncol 16:975\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/not309","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5359_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2014.01.005","volume":"61","author":"C Mottolese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mottolese C, Szathmari A, Beuriat PA (2015) Incidence of pineal tumours. A review of the literature. Neurochirurgie 61:65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuchi.2014.01.005","journal-title":"A review of the literature Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"5359_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Yoshida M, Becker LE, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP (1994) Pineal region tumors in childhood. Experience at the Hospital for Sick Children. 1983. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:91\u2013103; discussion 104.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000120821","DOI":"10.1159\/000120821"},{"key":"5359_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1984.11739672","volume":"6","author":"HJ Hoffman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Yoshida M, Becker LE, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP (1984) Experience with pineal region tumours in childhood. Neurol Res 6:107\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01616412.1984.11739672","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"5359_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000120321","volume":"13","author":"JC Allen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Allen JC (1987) Management of primary intracranial germ cell tumors of childhood. Pediatr Neurosci 13:152\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000120321","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"5359_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.4.0545","volume":"74","author":"HJ Hoffman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Otsubo H, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP, Drake JM, Becker LE, Greenberg M, Jenkin D (1991) Intracranial germ-cell tumors in children. J Neurosurg 74:545\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1991.74.4.0545","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5359_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0037","volume":"13","author":"ME Echevarr\u00eda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Echevarr\u00eda ME, Fangusaro J, Goldman S (2008) Pediatric central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review. Oncologist 13:690\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0037","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"5359_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1247-2","volume":"26","author":"Y Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zou L, Gao B (2010) Intracranial germinoma: clinical and MRI findings in 56 patients. Childs Nerv Syst 26:1773\u20131777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-010-1247-2","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"5359_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.2.0155","volume":"63","author":"MT Jennings","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F (1985) Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 63:155\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1985.63.2.0155","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5359_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cuccia V, Galarza M (2006) Pure pineal germinomas: analysis of gender incidence. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148: 865\u2013871; discussion 871.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-006-0846-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-006-0846-x"},{"key":"5359_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/30.cn_suppl_1.59","volume":"30","author":"K Sano","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sano K (1983) Pineal region tumors: problems in pathology and treatment. Clin Neurosurg 30:59\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neurosurgery\/30.cn_suppl_1.59","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"5359_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2018.0056","volume":"61","author":"JH Phi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phi JH, Wang KC, Kim SK (2018) Intracranial germ cell tumor in the molecular era. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 61:333\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2018.0056","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"5359_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0516-9","volume":"16","author":"N Minami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minami N, Tanaka K, Kimura H, Hirose T, Mori T, Maeyama M, Sekiya H, Uenaka T, Nakamizo S, Nagashima H, Mizukawa K, Itoh T, Sasayama T, Kohmura E (2016) Radiographic occult cerebellar germinoma presenting with progressive ataxia and cranial nerve palsy. BMC Neurol 16:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-015-0516-9","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"5359_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/798358","volume":"2013","author":"JJ Loya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loya JJ, Jung H, Temmins C, Cho N, Singh H (2013) Primary spinal germ cell tumors: a case analysis and review of treatment paradigms. Case Rep Med 2013:798358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/798358","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"5359_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.12.3.1609147","volume":"12","author":"JG Smirniotopoulos","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smirniotopoulos JG, Rushing EJ, Mena H (1992) Pineal region masses: differential diagnosis. Radiographics 12:577\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiographics.12.3.1609147","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"5359_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2806","volume":"33","author":"N Dumrongpisutikul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dumrongpisutikul N, Intrapiromkul J, Yousem DM (2012) Distinguishing between germinomas and pineal cell tumors on MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:550\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A2806","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"5359_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400915581741","volume":"28","author":"AF Choudhri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choudhri AF, Whitehead MT, Siddiqui A, Klimo P Jr, Boop FA (2015) Diffusion characteristics of pediatric pineal tumors. Neuroradiol J 28:209\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1971400915581741","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"5359_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1947-3","volume":"60","author":"G Morana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morana G, Alves CA, Tortora D, Finlay JL, Severino M, Nozza P, Ravegnani M, Pavanello M, Milanaccio C, Maghnie M, Rossi A, Garr\u00e8 ML (2018) T2*-based MR imaging (gradient echo or susceptibility-weighted imaging) in midline and off-midline intracranial germ cell tumors: a pilot study. Neuroradiology 60:89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-017-1947-3","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"5359_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1619-7","volume":"121","author":"JP Kilday","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kilday JP, Laughlin S, Urbach S, Bouffet E, Bartels U (2015) Diabetes insipidus in pediatric germinomas of the suprasellar region: characteristic features and significance of the pituitary bright spot. J Neurooncol 121:167\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-014-1619-7","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5359_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/25001856","volume":"83","author":"DD Rasalkar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rasalkar DD, Chu WC, Cheng FW, Paunipagar BK, Shing MK, Li CK (2010) Atypical location of germinoma in basal ganglia in adolescents: radiological features and treatment outcomes. Br J Radiol 83:261\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr\/25001856","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"5359_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000005543","volume":"95","author":"XH Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei XH, Shen HC, Tang SX, Gao CH, Ren JL, Ai L, Dai JP (2016) Radiologic features of primary intracranial ectopic germinomas: Case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e5543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000005543","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"5359_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5645","volume":"39","author":"K Buch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buch K, Caruso P, Ebb D, Rincon S (2018) Balanced steady-state free precession sequence (CISS\/FIESTA\/3D driven equilibrium radiofrequency reset pulse) increases the diagnostic yield for spinal drop metastases in children with brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 39:1355\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A5645","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"5359_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1668-y","volume":"121","author":"H Ogiwara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ogiwara H, Tsutsumi Y, Matsuoka K, Kiyotani C, Terashima K, Morota N (2015) Apparent diffusion coefficient of intracranial germ cell tumors. J Neurooncol 121:565\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-014-1668-y","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"5359_CR24","volume-title":"Pathology of tumors of the nervous system","author":"DS R,","year":"1977","unstructured":"DS R (1977) Pathology of tumors of the nervous system. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore"},{"key":"5359_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185113507824","volume":"55","author":"Z Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Z, Lv X, Wang W, An J, Duan F, Feng X, Chen X, Ouyang B, Li S, Singh S, Qiu S (2014) Imaging characteristics of primary intracranial teratoma. Acta Radiol 55:874\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185113507824","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"5359_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orakcioglu B, Halatsch ME, Fortunati M, Unterberg A, Yonekawa Y (2008) Intracranial dermoid cysts: variations of radiological and clinical features. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 150:1227\u20131234; discussion 1234.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-008-0152-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-008-0152-x"},{"key":"5359_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1205029","volume":"30","author":"M Robles Fradejas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robles Fradejas M, Gonzalo Garc\u00eda I, De Las Casas Quispe AC, Martin Garc\u00eda A, Garc\u00eda Higuera MI, Rodriguez Mingu\u00e9lez M, Mart\u00ednez-Guisasola J (2017) Fetal intracranial immature teratoma: presentation of a case and a systematic review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 30:1139\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2016.1205029","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"5359_CR28","unstructured":"Georgiu C, Opincariu I, Cebotaru CL, Mirescu \u015e C, St\u0103noiu BP, Dom\u015fa TA, \u015eovrea AS (2016) Intracranial immature teratoma with a primitive neuroectodermal malignant transformation - case report and review of the literature. Rom J Morphol Embryol 57:1389\u20131395"},{"key":"5359_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/s0360-3016(99)00389-2","volume":"46","author":"F Fauchon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fauchon F, Jouvet A, Paquis P, Saint-Pierre G, Mottolese C, Ben Hassel M, Chauveinc L, Sichez JP, Philippon J, Schlienger M, Bouffet E (2000) Parenchymal pineal tumors: a clinicopathological study of 76 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:959\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0360-3016(99)00389-2","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"5359_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now234","volume":"19","author":"M Mynarek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mynarek M, Pizer B, Dufour C, van Vuurden D, Garami M, Massimino M, Fangusaro J, Davidson T, Gil-da-Costa MJ, Sterba J, Benesch M, Gerber N, Juhnke BO, Kwiecien R, Pietsch T, Kool M, Clifford S, Ellison DW, Giangaspero F, Wesseling P, Gilles F, Gottardo N, Finlay JL, Rutkowski S, von Hoff K (2017) Evaluation of age-dependent treatment strategies for children and young adults with pineoblastoma: analysis of pooled European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOP-E) and US Head Start data. Neuro Oncol 19:576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/now234","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"5359_CR31","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Clinical neuroradiology: the ESNR textbook","author":"S Bisdas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bisdas S, D\u2019Arco F (2019) Pediatric Tumor Neuroradiology. In: Barkhof F, Jager R, Thurnher M, Rovira Ca\u00f1ellas A (eds) Clinical neuroradiology: the ESNR textbook. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1\u201380"},{"key":"5359_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-010-0794-2","volume":"53","author":"S Komakula","year":"2011","unstructured":"Komakula S, Warmuth-Metz M, Hildenbrand P, Loevner L, Hewlett R, Salzman K, Couldwell W, Lin CT, Osborn A (2011) Pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation: imaging spectrum of an unusual tumor in 11 cases. Neuroradiology 53:577\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-010-0794-2","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"5359_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0750","volume":"29","author":"S Fakhran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fakhran S, Escott EJ (2008) Pineocytoma mimicking a pineal cyst on imaging: true diagnostic dilemma or a case of incomplete imaging?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:159\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A0750","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"5359_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.3.1760737","volume":"176","author":"DP Barboriak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barboriak DP, Lee L, Provenzale JM (2001) Serial MR imaging of pineal cysts: implications for natural history and follow-up. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:737\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.176.3.1760737","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"5359_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v10.i7.65","volume":"10","author":"E Gokce","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gokce E, Beyhan M (2018) Evaluation of pineal cysts with magnetic resonance imaging. World J Radiol 10:65\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4329\/wjr.v10.i7.65","journal-title":"World J Radiol"},{"key":"5359_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.08.1906","volume":"193","author":"KA Cauley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cauley KA, Linnell GJ, Braff SP, Filippi CG (2009) Serial follow-up MRI of indeterminate cystic lesions of the pineal region: experience at a rural tertiary care referral center. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:533\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.08.1906","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"5359_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.4.0547","volume":"89","author":"GR Bunin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bunin GR, Surawicz TS, Witman PA, Preston-Martin S, Davis F, Bruner JM (1998) The descriptive epidemiology of craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 89:547\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1998.89.4.0547","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5359_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.012","volume":"287","author":"L Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou L, Li Q, Luo L, Xu J, Zhang Y, Chen T, Wei Y, You C (2009) Radiological features of craniopharyngiomas located in the posterior fossa. J Neurol Sci 287:119\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5359_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1115","volume":"35","author":"HL M\u00fcller","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00fcller HL (2014) Craniopharyngioma. Endocr Rev 35:513\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2013-1115","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"5359_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.5.466","volume":"59","author":"IH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee IH, Zan E, Bell WR, Burger PC, Sung H, Yousem DM (2016) Craniopharyngiomas: radiological differentiation of two types. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 59:466\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.5.466","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"5359_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.79.4.7525627","volume":"79","author":"LA Kane","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kane LA, Leinung MC, Scheithauer BW, Bergstralh EJ, Laws ER Jr, Groover RV, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Zimmerman D (1994) Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1135\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.79.4.7525627","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"5359_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.8.5001","volume":"83","author":"A Colao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Colao A, Loche S, Cappa M, Di Sarno A, Landi ML, Sarnacchiaro F, Facciolli G, Lombardi G (1998) Prolactinomas in children and adolescents. Clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2777\u20132780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.83.8.5001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"5359_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036232","volume":"3","author":"EB Gold","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gold EB (1981) Epidemiology of pituitary adenomas. Epidemiol Rev 3:163\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036232","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"5359_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1625984","volume":"79","author":"A Perry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perry A, Graffeo CS, Marcellino C, Pollock BE, Wetjen NM, Meyer FB (2018) Pediatric pituitary adenoma: case series, review of the literature, and a skull base treatment paradigm. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 79:91\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1625984","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"key":"5359_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2016.4.2.63","volume":"4","author":"J Hwang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hwang J, Seol HJ, Nam DH, Lee JI, Lee MH, Kong DS (2016) Therapeutic strategy for cavernous sinus-invading non-functioning pituitary adenomas based on the modified Knosp grading system. Brain Tumor Res Treat 4:63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14791\/btrt.2016.4.2.63","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treat"},{"key":"5359_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.Jns141083","volume":"122","author":"AS Micko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Micko AS, W\u00f6hrer A, Wolfsberger S, Knosp E (2015) Invasion of the cavernous sinus space in pituitary adenomas: endoscopic verification and its correlation with an MRI-based classification. J Neurosurg 122:803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.12.Jns141083","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5359_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.159.2.1632360","volume":"159","author":"GE Simmons","year":"1992","unstructured":"Simmons GE, Suchnicki JE, Rak KM, Damiano TR (1992) MR imaging of the pituitary stalk: size, shape, and enhancement pattern. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:375\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.159.2.1632360","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"5359_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.07.3573","volume":"191","author":"N D'Ambrosio","year":"2008","unstructured":"D\u2019Ambrosio N, Soohoo S, Warshall C, Johnson A, Karimi S (2008) Craniofacial and intracranial manifestations of langerhans cell histiocytosis: report of findings in 100 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191:589\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.07.3573","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"5359_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2017-0081","volume":"58","author":"Y Aihara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aihara Y, Chiba K, Eguchi S, Amano K, Kawamata T (2018) Pediatric Optic Pathway\/Hypothalamic Glioma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 58:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.ra.2017-0081","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"5359_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(20)30064-4","volume":"21","author":"J Fangusaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fangusaro J, Witt O, Hern\u00e1iz Driever P, Bag AK, de Blank P, Kadom N, Kilburn L, Lober RM, Robison NJ, Fisher MJ, Packer RJ, Young Poussaint T, Papusha L, Avula S, Brandes AA, Bouffet E, Bowers D, Artemov A, Chintagumpala M, Zurakowski D, van den Bent M, Bison B, Yeom KW, Taal W, Warren KE (2020) Response assessment in paediatric low-grade glioma: recommendations from the Response Assessment in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology (RAPNO) working group. Lancet Oncol 21:e305\u2013e316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1470-2045(20)30064-4","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"5359_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/65246351","volume":"81","author":"T Taylor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taylor T, Jaspan T, Milano G, Gregson R, Parker T, Ritzmann T, Benson C, Walker D (2008) Radiological classification of optic pathway gliomas: experience of a modified functional classification system. Br J Radiol 81:761\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr\/65246351","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"5359_CR52","unstructured":"Freeman JL, Coleman LT, Wellard RM, Kean MJ, Rosenfeld JV, Jackson GD, Berkovic SF, Harvey AS (2004) MR imaging and spectroscopic study of epileptogenic hypothalamic hamartomas: analysis of 72 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:450\u2013462"},{"key":"5359_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.43.61","volume":"43","author":"O Delalande","year":"2003","unstructured":"Delalande O, Fohlen M (2003) Disconnecting surgical treatment of hypothalamic hamartoma in children and adults with refractory epilepsy and proposal of a new classification. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 43:61\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.43.61","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"5359_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3987","volume":"35","author":"MT Whitehead","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitehead MT, Vezina G (2014) Interhypothalamic adhesion: a series of 13 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35:2002\u20132006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A3987","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"5359_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-019-02230-z","volume":"61","author":"A Siddiqui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siddiqui A, D\u2019Amico A, Colafati GS, Cicala D, Talenti G, Rajput K, Pinelli L, D\u2019Arco F (2019) Hypothalamic malformations in patients with X-linked deafness and incomplete partition type 3. Neuroradiology 61:949\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-019-02230-z","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05359-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05359-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05359-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T13:22:44Z","timestamp":1641216164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05359-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05359-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-7040","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}