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The clinical and autopsy findings in AHT are not pathognomonic and, due to frequent obfuscation by perpetrators, the circumstances surrounding the alleged abuse are often unclear. The concept has evolved that the finding of the combination of subdural hemorrhage, brain injury, and retinal hemorrhages (\u201cthe triad\u201d) is the result of shaking of an infant (\u201cshaken baby syndrome\u201d) and has led to the ongoing controversy whether shaking alone is able to generate sufficient force to produce these lesions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In an attempt to investigate whether shaking can engender this lesion triad, animal models have been developed in laboratory rodents and domestic animal species. This review assesses the utility of these animal models to reliably reproduce human AHT pathology and evaluate the effects of shaking on the immature brain.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Due largely to irreconcilable anatomic species differences between these animal brains and human infants, and a lack of resemblance of the experimental head shaking induced by mechanical devices to real-world human neurotrauma, no animal model has been able to reliably reproduce the full range of neuropathologic AHT changes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Some animal models can simulate specific brain and ophthalmic lesions found in human AHT cases and provide useful information on their pathogenesis. Moreover, one animal model demonstrated that shaking of a freely mobile head, without an additional head impact, could be lethal, and produce significant brain pathology.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-022-05577-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T20:03:27Z","timestamp":1654891407000},"page":"2317-2324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Animal models of pediatric abusive head trauma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2277-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Finnie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Blumbergs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5577_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian CW, Block R (2009) Committee on child abuse and neglect. 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(2012) J Clin Neurosci 19(8):1159\u20131164) and are used here with the permission of the authors, two of which (JF, PB) are authors of the present review. The research project from which these images are derived was approved by the Animal Ethics Committees of SA Pathology and the University of Adelaide.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Permission for figures and animal ethics approval"}}]}}