{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:16:54Z","timestamp":1792459014487,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006389","name":"University of Geneva","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malignant stroke is a life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (1\u20133). Despite strong evidence showing decreased morbidity and mortality in the adult population, decompressive hemicraniectomy (DCH) has been scarcely reported in the pediatric stroke population, and its indication remains controversial, while it could be a potential lifesaving option.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed an extensive literature review on pediatric malignant arterial ischemic stroke (pmAIS) and selected 26 articles reporting 97 cases. Gathering the data together, a 67% mortality rate is observed without decompressive therapy, contrasting with a 95.4% survival rate with it. The median modified Rankin score (mRS) is 2.1 after surgery with a mean follow-up of 31.8\u00a0months. For the 33% of children who survived without surgery, the mRS is 3 at a mean follow-up of 19\u00a0months. As an illustrative case, we report on a 2-year-old girl who presented a cardioembolic right middle cerebral artery stroke with subsequent malignant edema and ongoing cerebral transtentorial herniation in the course of a severe myocarditis requiring ECMO support. A DCH was done 32\u00a0h after symptom onset. At the age of 5\u00a0years, she exhibits an mRS of 3.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pediatric stroke with malignant edema is a severe condition with high mortality rate if left untreated and often long-lasting consequences. DCH might minimize the vicious circle of cerebral swelling, increasing intracranial pressure and brain ischemia. Our literature review underscores DCH as an efficient therapeutic measure management of pmAIS even when performed after a significant delay; however, long-lasting morbidities remain high.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-06086-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T15:49:10Z","timestamp":1690386550000},"page":"2377-2389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Decompressive hemicraniectomy in pediatric malignant arterial ischemic stroke: a case-based review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Audrey","family":"Carlhan-Ledermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bartoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Gebistorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Beghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tornike","family":"Sologashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Rebollo Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Fluss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6086_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah S, Murthy SB, Whitehead WE, Jea A, Michael Nassif L (2013) Decompressive hemicraniectomy in pediatric patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: case series and review of the literature. World Neurosurg","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.06.001"},{"issue":"8","key":"6086_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808314960","volume":"23","author":"V Ramaswamy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramaswamy V, Mehta V, Bauman M, Richer L, Massicotte P, Yager JJ (2008) Decompressive hemicraniectomy in children with severe ischemic stroke and life-threatening cerebral edema. J Child Neurol 23(8):889\u2013894","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6086_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3745","volume":"78","author":"H Reinink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reinink H, J\u00fcttler E, Hacke W, Hofmeijer J, Vicaut E, Vahedi K et al (2021) Surgical decompression for space-occupying hemispheric infarction a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Neurol 78(2):208\u2013216","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"6086_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014390","volume":"6","author":"P Alexander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexander P, Heels-Ansdell D, Siemieniuk R, Bhatnagar N, Chang Y, Fei Y et al (2016) Hemicraniectomy versus medical treatment with large MCA infarct: a review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 6:1\u201311","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6086_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12724","volume":"45","author":"L Back","year":"2015","unstructured":"Back L, Nagaraja V, Kapur A, Eslick GD (2015) Role of decompressive hemicraniectomy in extensive middle cerebral artery strokes: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Internation Medicine journal 45:711\u2013717","journal-title":"Internation Medicine journal"},{"issue":"209","key":"6086_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"T Beez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beez T, Munoz-Bendix C, Steiger HJ, Beseoglu K (2019) Decompressive craniectomy for acute ischemic stroke. Crit Care 23(209):1\u201316","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"6086_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.005","volume":"47","author":"AK Montgomery","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montgomery AK, Maixner WJ, Wallace D, Wray A, Mackay MT (2012) Decompressive craniectomy in childhood posterior circulation stroke: a case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 47:193\u2013197","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"6086_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000209654","volume":"45","author":"MU Farooq","year":"2009","unstructured":"Farooq MU, Abbed KM, Fletcher JJ (2009) Decompressive hemicraniectomy in a 19-month-old female after malignant cerebral infarction. Pediatr Neurosurg 45:156\u2013150","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6086_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.228","volume":"6","author":"GA deVeber","year":"2010","unstructured":"deVeber GA (2010) Delays in the timely diagnosis of stroke in children. Nat Rev Neurol 6(2):64\u201366","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6086_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0323","volume":"79","author":"KD Bhatia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhatia KD, Briest R, Goetti R, Webster R, Troedson C, Dale RC et al (2022) Incidence and natural history of pediatric large vessel occlusion stroke; a population study. JAMA Neurol 79(5):488\u2013497","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"6086_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferriero DM, Fullerton HJ, Bernard TJ, Billinghurst L, Daniels SR, DeBaun MR et al (2019) Management of stroke in neonates and children, a scientific statement from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association 51\u201396","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000183"},{"key":"6086_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sporns PB, Fullerton HJ, Lee S, Kirton A, Wildgruber M (2021) Current treatment for childhood arterial ischaemic stroke. The Lancet Child Adolescent Health 1\u201312","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00167-X"},{"issue":"19","key":"6086_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001555","volume":"84","author":"B Goeggel Simonetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goeggel Simonetti B, Cavelti A, Arnold M, Bigi S, Regenyi M, Mattle HP et al (2015) Long-term outcome after arterial ischemic stroke in children and young adults. Neurology 84(19):1941\u20131947","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6086_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03775.x","volume":"53","author":"SE Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith SE, Kirkham FJ, Deveber G, Millman G, Dirks PB, Wirrell E et al (2011) Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 53:29\u201333","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6086_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819855534","volume":"34","author":"LL Lehman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehman LL, DeVeber G, Pergami P, Guilliams KP, Chung M, Felling R et al (2019) Characteristics and outcome in children with craniectomy following acute ischemic stroke in the international pediatric stroke study. J Child Neurol 34(12):765\u2013769","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6086_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25242","volume":"83","author":"S Bigi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bigi S, Dulcey A, Gralla J, Bernasconi C, Melliger A, Datta AN et al (2018) Feasibility, safety, and outcome of recanalization treatment in childhood stroke. Ann Neurol 83(6):1125\u20131132","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6086_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1894-6","volume":"29","author":"R Rahme","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rahme R, Jimenez L, Bashir U, Adeoye OM, Abruzzo TA, Ringer AJ et al (2013) Malignant MCA territory infarction in the pediatric population: subgroup analysis of the Greater Cincinnati\/Northern Kentucky Stroke Stude. Childs Nerv Syst 29(1):99\u2013103","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6086_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.08.015","volume":"64","author":"A Andrade","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrade A, Bigi S, Laughlin S, Parthasarathy S, Sinclair A, Dirks P et al (2016) Association between prolonged seizures and malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in children with acute ischemic stroke. Pediatr Neurol 64:44\u201351","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6086_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.2.372","volume":"25","author":"CR Hornig","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hornig CR, Rust DS, Busse O, Jauss M, Laun A (1994) Space-occupying cerebellar infarction: clinical course and prognosis. Stroke 25(2):372\u2013375","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"6086_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70036-4","volume":"6","author":"K Vahedi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Juettler E, Vicaut E, George B, Algra A (2007) Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlles trials. The Lancet Neurology 6(3):215\u2013222","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"6086_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013544","volume":"47","author":"TJ Bernard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernard TJ, Beslow LA, Manco-Johnson MJ, Armstrong-Wells J, Boada R, Weitzenkamp D et al (2016) Inter-rater reliability of the CASCADE criteria: challenges in classifying arteriopathies. Stroke 47(10):2443\u20132449","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"6086_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.624585","volume":"43","author":"TJ Bernard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bernard TJ, Manco-Johnson JM, Lo W, MacKay MT, Ganesan V, deVeber G et al (2012) Towards a consensus-based classification of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 43(2):1\u201312","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6086_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.10.PEDS08116","volume":"3","author":"N Aghakhani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aghakhani N, Durand P, Chevret L, Parker F, Devictor D, Tardieu M et al (2009) Decompressive craniectomy in children with nontraumatic refractory high intracranial pressure. Journal Neurosurgery Pediatrics 3:66\u201369","journal-title":"Journal Neurosurgery Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"6086_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198103000-00010","volume":"8","author":"BJ Bergen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bergen BJ, Batnitzky S, Morantz RA, Price HI (1981) Cerebellar infarction with associated acute hydrocephalus due to vertebral artery occlusion in a child. Neurosurgery 8(3):383\u2013387","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6086_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(87)90086-6","volume":"17","author":"WJ Brawn","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brawn WJ, Menahem S, Mee RBB (1987) Cerebellar infarction secondary to subclavian aortoplasty repair for coarctation of the aorta. Int J Cardiol 17:336\u2013338","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6086_CR26","first-page":"1168","volume":"40","author":"BS Carter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carter BS, Ogilvy CS, Candia GJ, Rosas HD, Buonanno F (1997) One-year outcome after decompressive surgery for massive nondominant hemispheric infarction: neurosurgery 40(6):1168\u20131176","journal-title":"One-year outcome after decompressive surgery for massive nondominant hemispheric infarction: neurosurgery"},{"key":"6086_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000156604.41886.62","volume":"56","author":"WT Curry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Curry WT, Sethi MK, Ogilvy CS, Carter BS (2005) Factors associated with outcome after hemicraniectomy for large middle cerebral artery territoiry infarction. Neurosurgery 56:681\u2013692","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"6086_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(72)80384-6","volume":"81","author":"EG Fischer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Fischer EG, Strand RD, Gilles FH (1972) Cerebellar necrosis simulating tumor in infancy. J Pediatr 81(1):98\u201399","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6086_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198205000-00008","volume":"10","author":"RE Harbaugh","year":"1982","unstructured":"Harbaugh RE, Saunders RL, Reeves AG (1982) Pediatric cerebellar infarction: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 10(5):593\u2013596","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"6086_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0825","volume":"4","author":"A Kirton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kirton A, deVeber G (2007) Ischemic stroke complicating pediatric cardiovascular disease. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 4(3):163\u2013166","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"368","key":"6086_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"S Lammy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lammy S, Fivey P, Sangra M (2016) Decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in a 16-year old boy: a case report. J Med Case Reports 10(368):1\u20134","journal-title":"J Med Case Reports"},{"key":"6086_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000069096","volume":"38","author":"MC Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee MC, Frank JI, Kahana M, Tonsgard JH (2003) Decompressive hemicraniectomy in a 6-year-old male after unilateral hemispheric stroke. Pediatr Neurosurg 38:181\u2013185","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"6086_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.51.2.86","volume":"51","author":"SK Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee SK, Kim SD, Kim SH, Lim DJ, Park JY (2012) Decompressive hemicraniectomy and duroplasty in toddlers and preschool children with refractory intracranial hypertension after unilateral hemispheric stroke. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 51:86\u201390","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"28","key":"6086_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"93","author":"AAR Lehman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehman AAR, McKenna ME, Wisneski R, Hess WF (2019) Delayed presentation of a traumatic spinal epidural hematoma in a preadolescent: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg 93(28):1\u20134","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"6086_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0875-1","volume":"249","author":"G Leonhardt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leonhardt G, Wilhelm H, Doerfler A, Ehrenfeld CE, Schoch B, Rauhut F et al (2002) Clinical outcome and neuropsychological deficits after right decompressive hemicraniectomy in MCA infarction. J Neurol 249:1433\u20131440","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6086_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.34.241","volume":"34","author":"I Miyata","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miyata I, Imaoka T, Masaoka T, Nishiura T, Ishimitsu H (1994) Pediatric cerebellar infarction caused by atlantoaxial subluxation. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 34:241\u2013245","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"6086_CR37","first-page":"343","volume":"109","author":"KJ Momose","year":"1973","unstructured":"Momose KJ, Lehrich JR (1973) Acute cerebellar infarction presenting as a posterior fossa mass. Neuroradiology 109:343\u2013352","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"6086_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.4.521","volume":"19","author":"A Perez-Higueras","year":"1988","unstructured":"Perez-Higueras A, Alvarez-Ruiz F, Martinez-Bermejo A, Frutos R, Villar O, Diez-Tejedor E (1988) Cerebellar infarction from fibromuscular dysplasia and dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Stroke 19:521\u2013524","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6086_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-0001-7","volume":"22","author":"MA Tan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tan MA, Salonga AM, Jamora RDG (2006) Decompressive hemicraniectomy in a 2-year-old girl with a left middle cerebral artery infarct. Childs Nerv Syst 22:523\u2013525","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6086_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi H, Yamamoto K, Akutsu N, Kusumoto M, Kajihara S, Yamaguchi Y et al (2016) Decompressive craniectomy 116h after malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Japan Pediatr Soc 622\u20134","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12877"},{"issue":"100924","key":"6086_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"D Panagopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panagopoulos D, Karydakis P, Markogiannakis G, Themistocleous M (2021) Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke: overview of the literature and of the most cited relevant articles. Interdiscip Neurosurg: Adv Tech Case Manag 23(100924):1\u20139","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg: Adv Tech Case Manag"},{"key":"6086_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2017.03.003","volume":"67","author":"RJ Felling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Felling RJ, Sun LR, Maxwell EC, Goldenberg N, Bernard T (2017) Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke: epidemiology, risk factors, and management. Blood Cells Mol Dis 67:23\u201333","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"issue":"422","key":"6086_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"AL Numis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Numis AL, Fox CK (2014) Arterial ischemic stroke in children: risk factors and etiologies. Stroke 14(422):1\u20139","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12\u201314","key":"6086_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738221129916","volume":"37","author":"L Persa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Persa L, Shaw DW, Amlie-Lefond C (2022) Why would a child have a stroke? J Child Neurol 37(12\u201314):907\u2013915","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6086_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3403","volume":"77","author":"PB Sporns","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sporns PB, Str\u00e4ter R, Minnerup J, Wiendl H, Hanning U, Chapot R et al (2020) Feasibility, safety, and outcome of endovascular recanalization in childhood stroke: the Save ChildS Study. JAMA Neurol 77(1):25\u201334","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6086_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018799958","volume":"14","author":"T Medley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Medley T, Miteff C, Andrews I, Ware T, Cheung M, Monagle P et al (2019) Australian Clinical Consensus Guideline: the diagnosis and acute management of childhood stroke. Int J Stroke 14(1):94\u2013106","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"6086_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018790064","volume":"14","author":"MT Mackay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mackay MT, Steinlin M (2019) Recent developments and new frontiers in childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Iinternational Journal of Stroke 14(1):32\u201343","journal-title":"Iinternational Journal of Stroke"},{"key":"6086_CR48","unstructured":"Kocher T (1901) Hirnersch\u00fctterung, Hirndruck und chirurgische Eingriffe bei Hirnkrankheiten"},{"issue":"5","key":"6086_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-190805000-00001","volume":"47","author":"HI Cushing","year":"1908","unstructured":"Cushing HI (1908) Subtemporal decompressive operations for the intracranial complications associated with bursting fractures of the skull. Ann Surg 47(5):641\u2013644","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"6086_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-012-0411-4","volume":"36","author":"SB Omay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Omay SB, Carrion-Grant GM, Kuzmik GA, Fu M, Grant R, Schindler JL et al (2013) Decompressive hemicraniectomy for ischemic stroke in the pediatric population. Neurosurgery Review 36:21\u201325","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"6086_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605215","volume":"375","author":"PJ Hutchinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hutchinson PJ, Kolias AG, Timofeev IS, Corteen EA, Czosnyka M, Timothy J et al (2016) Trial of decompressive craniectomy for traumatic intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med 375(12):1119\u20131130","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"6086_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.1070","volume":"79","author":"AG Kolias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kolias AG, Adams H, Timofeev IS, Corteen EA, Hossain I, Czosnyka M et al (2022) Evaluation of outcomes among patients with traumatic intracranial hypertension treated with decompressive craniectomy vs standard medical care at 24 months. JAMA Neurol 79(7):664\u2013671","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"16","key":"6086_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102077","volume":"364","author":"DJ Cooper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV, Murray L, Arabi YM, Davies AR, D\u2019Urso P et al (2011) Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury. The New England J Med 364(16):1493\u20131502","journal-title":"The New England J Med"},{"key":"6086_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.11.009","volume":"40","author":"GJ Cannarsa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cannarsa GJ, Simard JM (2022) Decompressive craniectomy for stroke: who, when, and how. Neurol Clin 40:321\u2013336","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"6086_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.106","volume":"9","author":"A Kolias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolias A, Kirkpatrick P, Hutchinson P (2013) Decompressive craniectomy: past, present and future. Nat Rev Neurol 9:405\u2013415","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6086_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.038493","volume":"53","author":"NA Shlobin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shlobin NA, Clark JR, Campbell JM, Bernstein M, Jahromi BS, Potts MB (2022) Ethical considerations in surgical decompression for stroke. Stroke 53(8):2673\u20132682","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6086_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810000410","volume":"17","author":"A Taylor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taylor A, Butt W, Rosenfeld J, Shann F, Ditchfield M, Lewis E et al (2001) A randomized trial of very early decompressive craniectomy in children with traumatic brain injury and sustained intracranial hypertension. Child\u2019s Nerv Syst 17:154\u2013162","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"6086_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70290-4","volume":"13","author":"AA Mallick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mallick AA, Ganesan V, Kirkham FJ, Fallon P, Hedderly T, McShane T et al (2014) Childhood arterial ischaemic stroke incidence, presenting features, and risk factors: a prospective population-based study. The Lancet Neurol 13(1):35\u201343","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6086_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008837","volume":"94","author":"B Goeggel Simonetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goeggel Simonetti B, Rafay MF, Chung M, Lo WD, Beslow LA, Billinghurst LL et al (2020) Comparative study of posterior and anterior circulation stroke in childhood. Neurology 94(4):e337\u2013e344","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6086_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.07.048","volume":"160","author":"RK Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh RK, Zecavati N, Singh J, Kaulas H, Nelson KB, Dean NP et al (2012) Seizures in acute childhood stroke. J Pediatr 160(2):291\u2013296","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"6086_CR61","first-page":"552","volume":"34","author":"A Yock-Corrales","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yock-Corrales A, Varela-Bulgarelli F, Barboza C, Gutierrez-Mata A, Mackay MT, Babl F (2018) Presentation of acute childhood stroke in a tertiary pediatric emergency department: pediatric emergency care 34(8):552\u2013557","journal-title":"Presentation of acute childhood stroke in a tertiary pediatric emergency department: pediatric emergency care"},{"key":"6086_CR62","unstructured":"Sun LR, Lynch JK (2023) Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Neurotherapeutics 1\u201322"},{"key":"6086_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.01.016","volume":"56","author":"MJ Rivkin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivkin MJ, Bernard TJ, Dowling MM, Amlie-Lefond C (2016) Guidelines for urgent management of stroke in children. Pediatr Neurol 56:8\u201317","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6086_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022881","volume":"50","author":"LL Lehman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehman LL, Beslow LA, Steinlin M, Kossorotoff M, Mackay MT (2019) What will improve pediatric acute stroke care? Stroke 50(2):249\u2013256","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6086_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews BT, Pitts LH (1991) Functional recovery after traumatic transtentorial herniation: neurosurgery 227","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199108000-00010"},{"issue":"4","key":"6086_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318237a6a6","volume":"70","author":"E G\u00fcresir","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00fcresir E, Schuss P, Seifert V, Vatter H (2012) Decompressive craniectomy in children: single-center series and systematic review. Neurosurgery 70(4):881\u2013889","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6086_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banks JL, Marotta CA (2007) Outcomes validity and reliability of the modified Rankin scale: implications for stroke clinical trials [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 22]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000258355.23810.c6","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000258355.23810.c6"},{"key":"6086_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.639583","volume":"43","author":"L Kitchen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kitchen L, Westmacott R, Friefeld S, MacGregor D, Curtis R, Allen A et al (2012) The pediatric stroke outcome measure a validation and reliability study. Stroke 43:1602\u20131608","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"6086_CR69","unstructured":"Grant GA (2014) Is there a role for decompressive craniectomy in children after stroke? World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6086_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3237810","volume":"2018","author":"SO Kazmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kazmi SO, Sivakumar S, Karakitsos D, Alharthy A, Lazaridis C (2018) Cerebral pathophysiology in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: pitfalls in daily clinical management. Crit Care Res Prac 2018:1\u201311","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Prac"},{"issue":"43","key":"6086_CR71","volume":"1","author":"EW Mayne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayne EW, Mailo JA, Pabst L, Pulcine E, Harrar DB, Waak M et al (2022) Pediatric stroke and cardiac disease: challenges in recognition and management. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 1(43):100992","journal-title":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"6086_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honeybul S (2020) Ethics in neurosurgical practice. Cambridge University Press","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108643887"},{"key":"6086_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01689-2","volume":"38","author":"DB Harrar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harrar DB, Sun LR, Segal JB, Lee S, Sansevere AJ (2023) Neuromonitoring in children with cerebrovascular disorders. Neurocrit Care 38:486\u2013503","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"99","key":"6086_CR74","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"D Couret","year":"2016","unstructured":"Couret D, Boumaza D, Grisotto C, Triglia T, Pellegrini L, Ocquidant P et al (2016) Reliability of standard pupillometry practice in neurocritical care: an observational, double-blinded study. Crit Care 20(99):1\u20139","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-023-06086-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-023-06086-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-023-06086-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:06:35Z","timestamp":1692180395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-023-06086-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-023-06086-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-7040","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The parents of the participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal. The parent\u2019s patient signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or proprietary interest in any material discussed in this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}