{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:10:20Z","timestamp":1792782620709,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"not applicable"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric non-galenic pial arteriovenous fistulas (pAVFs) are rare vascular malformations that are characterized by a pial arterial-venous connection without an intervening capillary bed. Outcomes and treatment strategies for pAVFs are highly individualized, owing to the rarity of the disease and lack of large-scale data guiding optimal treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic review of pediatric patients (&lt;\u200918 years at diagnosis) diagnosed with a pAVF by digital subtraction angiogram (DSA). The demographics, treatment modalities, and outcomes were documented for each patient and clinical outcome data was collected. Descriptive information stratified by outcome scores were classified as follows: 1\u2009=\u2009excellent (no deficit and full premorbid activity), 2\u2009=\u2009good (mild deficit and full premorbid activity), 3\u2009=\u2009fair (moderate deficit and impaired activity), 4\u2009=\u2009poor (severe deficit and dependent on others), 5\u2009=\u2009death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 87 studies involving 231 patients were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 3 years (neonates to 18 years). There was slight male preponderance (55.4%), and 150 subjects (81.1%*) experienced excellent outcomes after treatment. Of the 189 patients treated using endovascular approaches, 80.3% experienced excellent outcomes and of the 15 patients surgically treated subjects 75% had an excellent outcome. The highest rate of excellent outcomes was achieved in patients treated with Onyx (95.2%) and other forms of EvOH (100%). High output heart failure and comorbid vascular lesions tended to result in worse outcomes, with only 54.2% and 68% of subjects experiencing an excellent outcome, respectively. *Outcomes were reported in only 185 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>pAVFs are rare lesions, necessitating aggregation of patient data to inform natural history and optimal treatment strategies. This review summarizes the current literature on pAVF in children, where children presenting with heart failure as a result of high flow through the lesion were less likely to experience an excellent outcome. Prospective, large-scale studies would further characterize pediatric pAVFs and enable quantitative analysis of outcomes to inform best treatment practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-024-06352-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T03:02:37Z","timestamp":1710903757000},"page":"1721-1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pediatric non-galenic pial arteriovenous fistula\u2019s characteristics and outcomes: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Garrett W.","family":"Thrash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Saccomano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Jonah","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedram D.","family":"Malenkia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somnath","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges Bouobda","family":"Tsemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Blount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon G.","family":"Rocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis J.","family":"Rozzelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse G.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.302095728","volume":"30","author":"S Geibprasert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geibprasert S, Pongpech S, Jiarakongmun P, Shroff MM, Armstrong DC, Krings T (2010) Radiologic assessment of brain arteriovenous malformations: what clinicians need to know. Radiographics 30(2):483\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.302095728From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.20","volume":"20","author":"K Upchurch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Upchurch K, Feng L, Duckwiler GR, Frazee JG, Martin NA, Vinuela F (2006) Nongalenic arteriovenous fistulas: history of treatment and technology. Neurosurg Focus 20(6):E8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/foc.2006.20.6.8 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"8","key":"6352_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.012783","volume":"50","author":"S Lenck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lenck S, Nicholson P, Tymianski R, Hilditch C, Nouet A, Patel K, Krings T, Tymianski M, Radovanovic I, Mendes Pereira V (2019) Spinal and paraspinal arteriovenous lesions. Stroke 50(8):2259\u20132269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.012783From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR4","first-page":"747","volume":"10","author":"VV Halbach","year":"1989","unstructured":"Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Hardin CW, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL (1989) Transarterial occlusion of solitary intracerebral arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 10(4):747\u2013752 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200112000-00011","volume":"49","author":"BL Hoh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoh BL, Putman CM, Budzik RF, Ogilvy CS (2001) Surgical and endovascular flow disconnection of intracranial pial single-channel arteriovenous fistulae. Neurosurgery 49(6):1351\u20131363 discussion 1363\u2009\u2013\u20091354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-200112000-00011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"6352_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.007","volume":"170","author":"J Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim J, Kuo CC, Waqas M, Cappuzzo JM, Monteiro A, Baig AA, Snyder KV, Davies JM, Levy EI, Siddiqui AH (2023) A systematic review of non-galenic pial arteriovenous fistulas. World Neurosurg 170:226\u2013235e223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.007From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"6352_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.30.11.2487","volume":"30","author":"CC Phatouros","year":"1999","unstructured":"Phatouros CC, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Lempert TE, Malek AM, Meyers PM, Higashida RT (1999) Acquired pial arteriovenous fistula following cerebral vein thrombosis. Stroke 30(11):2487\u20132490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.30.11.2487From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6398","key":"6352_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/359843a0","volume":"359","author":"D Shweiki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359(6398):843\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/359843a0From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43062-z","volume":"14","author":"S Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao S, Mekbib KY, van der Ent MA, Allington G, Prendergast A, Chau JE, Smith H, Shohfi J, Ocken J, Duran D et al (2023) Mutation of key signaling regulators of cerebrovascular development in vein of Galen malformations. Nat Commun 14(1):7452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-43062-zFrom NLM Medline","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"6352_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24571","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24571","volume":"36","author":"Y Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han Y, Ding B, Li M, Song X, Liu L, Zhou H (2022) A case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and literature review. J Clin Lab Anal 36(8):e24571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.24571From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2019-106024","volume":"57","author":"N Revencu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Revencu N, Fastre E, Ravoet M, Helaers R, Brouillard P, Bisdorff-Bresson A, Chung CWT, Gerard M, Dvorakova V, Irvine AD et al (2020) RASA1 mosaic mutations in patients with capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. J Med Genet 57(1):48\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmedgenet-2019-106024From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"6352_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m2632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2632","volume":"370","author":"JP Salameh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salameh JP, Bossuyt PM, McGrath TA, Thombs BD, Hyde CJ, Macaskill P, Deeks JJ, Leeflang M, Korevaar DA, Whiting P et al (2020) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): explanation, elaboration, and checklist. BMJ 370:m2632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m2632From NLM Medline","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.oa.2015-0336","volume":"56","author":"M Komiyama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Komiyama M, Terada A, Ishiguro T (2016) Neuro-interventions for the neonates with Brain Arteriovenous Fistulas: with Special Reference to Access routes. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 56(3):132\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.oa.2015-0336From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.PEDS14468","volume":"15","author":"HA Zaidi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaidi HA, Kalani MY, Spetzler RF, McDougall CG, Albuquerque FC (2015) Multimodal treatment strategies for complex pediatric cerebral arteriovenous fistulas: contemporary case series at Barrow Neurological Institute. J Neurosurg Pediatr 15(6):615\u2013624 14468 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.28124","volume":"54","author":"A Pillai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pillai A, Rajeev K, Unnikrishnan M (2006) Surgical management of a pial arteriovenous fistula with giant varix in an infant. Neurol India 54(4):434\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.28124From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2025-8","volume":"29","author":"J Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang J, Kwon OK, Oh CW, Hwang G, Song KS, Lee YJ, Bang JS (2013) Surgical flow disconnection of cerebral pial dual-channel arteriovenous fistula with a large varix: the role of anti-platelet agent or anti-coagulation therapy. Childs Nerv Syst 29(6):1021\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-013-2025-8From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.2.0198","volume":"66","author":"F Vinuela","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vinuela F, Drake CG, Fox AJ, Pelz DM (1987) Giant intracranial varices secondary to high-flow arteriovenous fistulae. J Neurosurg 66(2):198\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1987.66.2.0198From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2009.06.001","volume":"73","author":"SW Youn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Youn SW, Han MH, Kwon BJ, Kang HS, Chang HW, Kim BS (2010) Coil-based endovascular treatment of single-hole cerebral arteriovenous fistulae: experiences in 11 patients. World Neurosurg 73(1):2\u201310 discussion e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2009.06.001","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.12.PEDS22332","volume":"31","author":"KT Kahle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kahle KT, Duran D, Smith ER (2023) Increasing precision in the management of pediatric neurosurgical cerebrovascular diseases with molecular genetics. J Neurosurg Pediatr 31(3):228\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.12.PEDS22332From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597572","volume":"7","author":"M Ago","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ago M, Masumoto K, Uchiyama A, Aihara Y, Okada Y, Kusuda S (2017) Serial Measurement of Superior Vena Cava Flow in evaluation of the clinical severity of Pial Arteriovenous Fistula in an infant. AJP Rep 7(1):e1\u2013e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0036-1597572From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"AJP Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"6352_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810397363","volume":"26","author":"M Aguilar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aguilar M, Gonzalez A, Lopez A, Gutierrez I, Durand F, Mayol A (2011) Endovascular treatment of a pial arteriovenous fistula with occipital remodeling secondary to giant torcular dilation. J Child Neurol 26(8):1015\u20131020 10.1177\/0883073810397363 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"6352_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.010","volume":"115","author":"Y Akamatsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akamatsu Y, Hayashi T, Sato K, Karibe H, Kameyama M, Tominaga T (2018) Bilateral Upper Cerebellar Hemorrhage due to Pial Arteriovenous Fistula and its pathophysiological insight. World Neurosurg 115:388\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.010From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2404-9","volume":"30","author":"D Altschul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altschul D, Paramasivam S, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Fifi JT, Berenstein A (2014) Safety and efficacy using a detachable tip microcatheter in the embolization of pediatric arteriovenous malformations. Childs Nerv Syst 30(6):1099\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-014-2404-9From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6352_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/2156-7514.175083","volume":"6","author":"A Alurkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alurkar A, Karanam LS, Nayak S, Ghanta RK (2016) Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulae: diagnosis and treatment techniques in Pediatric patients with review of literature. J Clin Imaging Sci 6:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2156-7514.175083From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/159101990300900205","volume":"9","author":"KM Auyeung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Auyeung KM, Laughlin S, Terbrugge KG (2003) Prenatal diagnosis of unusual fetal pial arteriovenous malformation. A case report. Interv Neuroradiol 9(2):163\u2013168 10.1177\/159101990300900205 From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"6352_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bankole NDA, Listrat KJA, Travers N, Maldonado IL (2020) Stephane Velut Child pial arteriovenous fistula of the conus medullaris presenting with spinal cord venous congestion: Case report and literature review. Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101128"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/159101990200800307","volume":"8","author":"LL Batista","year":"2002","unstructured":"Batista LL, Mahadevan J, Sachet M, Husson B, Rasmussen J, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P (2002) Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis syndrome in a child: association with multiple high flow cerebral arteriovenous fistulae. Case report and review. Interv Neuroradiol 8(3):273\u2013283 10.1177\/159101990200800307 From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"6352_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berestov V, Seleznev P, Obedinskaya N, Korostyshevskaya A, Gofer J, Bondarenko I, Kiselev R, Krasilnikov S, Brusyanskaya A, Orlov K (2022) Huge cerebral pial arteriovenous fistula in a newborn: illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons 4 (16). DOI: 10.3171\/CASE22294 From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE.","DOI":"10.3171\/CASE22294"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400915589690","volume":"28","author":"D Bongetta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bongetta D, Lafe E, Pugliese R, Cattalani A, Gaetani P, Thyrion FZ (2015) Endovascular embolization of pial arteriovenous fistula fed from P1 segment of posterior cerebral artery in 12 years old girl: case report and review of literature. Neuroradiol J 28(3):268\u2013273 10.1177\/1971400915589690 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2011-010028","volume":"4","author":"D Cooke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cooke D, Tatum J, Farid H, Dowd C, Higashida R, Halbach V (2012) Transvenous embolization of a pediatric pial arteriovenous fistula. J Neurointerv Surg 4(4):e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2011-010028From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"6352_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00261599","volume":"12","author":"P Coubes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Coubes P, Humbertclaude V, Rodesch G, Lasjaunias P, Echenne B, Frerebeau P (1996) Total endovascular occlusion of a giant direct arteriovenous fistula in the posterior fossa in a case of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease. Childs Nerv Syst 12(12):785\u2013788 DOI: 10.1007\/BF00261599 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716905","volume":"52","author":"JA Cuoco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuoco JA, Guilliams EL, Apfel LS, Marvin EA, Patel BM (2021) Incidental Pediatric High-Flow Nongalenic Giant Pial Arteriovenous Fistula. Neuropediatrics 52(1):65\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1716905From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"6352_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.158518","volume":"6","author":"WC da Silva Martins","year":"2015","unstructured":"da Silva Martins WC, de Albuquerque LA, de Souza Filho CB, Dellaretti M, de Sousa (2015) A. A. Surgical treatment of the intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula. Surg Neurol Int 6:102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2152-7806.158518From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.7.PEDS20401","volume":"27","author":"Z Demartini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demartini Z, Koppe GL, de Correa B, Keijiro A, Francisco AN (2020) Maranha Gatto, L. A. Matas test revisited: carotid compression for embolization of high-flow pediatric pial arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg Pediatr 27(3):364\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.7.PEDS20401From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2021.0116","volume":"65","author":"MA Deniwar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deniwar MA, Ahmad S, Eldin AE (2022) Transarterial embolization of intracranial arteriovenous fistulas with large venous pouches in the form of venous outlet Ectasia and large venous varix or aneurysm: two centers experience. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 65(1):30\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2021.0116From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"6352_CR36","first-page":"7855","volume":"9","author":"YL Lei Feng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lei Feng YL, Liu J, Lv C, Su C (2016) Pial arteriovenous fistulas: two pediatric cases and a literature review. Int J Clin Exp Med 9(5):7855\u20137862","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"6352_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7461\/jcen.2023.E","author":"L Fry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fry L, Brake A, Lei C, Stefano FA, Bhargav AG, Peterson J, Ebersole K (2023) Curative transvenous embolization for congenital multi-hole pial arteriovenous fistula. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7461\/jcen.2023.E2022.07.010 From NLM Publisher","journal-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588522","volume":"37","author":"R Garcia-Monaco","year":"1995","unstructured":"Garcia-Monaco R, Taylor W, Rodesch G, Alvarez H, Burrows P, Coubes P, Lasjaunias P (1995) Pial arteriovenous fistula in children as presenting manifestation of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease. Neuroradiology 37(1):60\u201364 DOI: 10.1007\/BF00588522 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1957","volume":"26","author":"C Garel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garel C, Azarian M, Lasjaunias P, Luton D (2005) Pial arteriovenous fistulas: dilemmas in prenatal diagnosis, counseling and postnatal treatment. Report of three cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 26(3):293\u2013296 1002\/uog.1957 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6352_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.061","volume":"127","author":"M Ghorbani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghorbani M, Wipplinger C, Griessenauer CJ, Hejazian SE, Abadi FZ, Asaadi S (2019) Pial arteriovenous fistula with multiple venous aneurysms resembling a vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation; Case Report and Review of Literature. World Neurosurg 127:245\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.061From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"6352_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.121","volume":"110","author":"A Goel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goel A, Jain S, Shah A, Rai S, Gore S, Dharurkar P (2018) Pial arteriovenous fistula: a brief review and report of 14 surgically treated cases. World Neurosurg 110:e873\u2013e881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.121From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.10.043","volume":"80","author":"LF Gonzalez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonzalez LF, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Teufack S, Albuquerque FC, Spetzler RF (2013) Rapid and progressive venous thrombosis after occlusion of high-flow arteriovenous fistula. World Neurosurg 80(6):e359\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.10.043From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-282x2011000500028","volume":"69","author":"LR Guerra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guerra LR, Barbosa Lde A, Barbosa LG, Pimentel Dde P, Leite FI (2011) Pial arteriovenous fistula in the posterior fossa. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 69(4):718\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-282x2011000500028From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis.2010.003749","volume":"3","author":"L Guimaraens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guimaraens L, Casasco A, Sola T, Cuellar H, Miralbes S, Cambra FJ (2011) Endovascular treatment of a pial arteriovenous fistula of a posteroinferior cerebellar artery with a double origin. J Neurointerv Surg 3(3):233\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnis.2010.003749From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"6352_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1731-z","volume":"155","author":"L Han","year":"2013","unstructured":"Han L, Wang J, Chen J, Lei T (2013) Pial arteriovenous fistula with giant venous varix and dilation of vein of Galen, treated with surgical clipping. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 155(8):1571\u20131572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-013-1731-zFrom NLM Medline","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3","volume":"6","author":"K Hatayama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hatayama K, Goto S, Nishida A, Inoue M (2018) Pial arteriovenous fistula of the spine in a child with hemiplegia. Clin Case Rep 6(6):1132\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr31557 From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000055974","volume":"33","author":"M Ito","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ito M, Yamamoto T, Mishina H, Sonokawa T, Sato K (2000) Arteriovenous malformation of the medulla oblongata supplied by the anterior spinal artery in a child: treatment by microsurgical obliteration of the feeding artery. Pediatr Neurosurg 33(6):293\u2013297 10.1159\/000055974 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/197140090601900615","volume":"19","author":"R Izzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Izzo R, Alvaro Diano A, Lavanga A, Vassallo P, Muto M (2007) Posterior fossa arteriovenous pial fistula: diagnostic and endovascular therapeutic features. A case report. Neuroradiol J 19(6):783\u2013786 10.1177\/197140090601900615 From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000482","volume":"6","author":"H Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin H, Meng X, Quan J, Lu Y, Li Y (2021) Role of endovascular embolisation for curative treatment of intracranial non-galenic pial arteriovenous fistula. Stroke Vasc Neurol 6(2):260\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2020-000482From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR50","first-page":"64","volume":"12","author":"M Koroglu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koroglu M, Cil B, Yesildag A, Baykal B, Cekirge S, Oyar O (2006) Prenatal diagnosis of intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula and endovascular treatment during the neonatal period. Diagn Interv Radiol 12(2):64\u201367 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"6352_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.02.146","volume":"138","author":"N Kalra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalra N, Tong L, McCullagh H, Goddard T, Tyagi A (2020) Surgical Disconnection of a residual Pediatric Pial Arterio-venous fistula following partial embolization: a Case Study. World Neurosurg 138:227\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.02.146From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000452","volume":"350","author":"S Keskin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keskin S, Gokmen E, Koc O, Cengiz SL (2015) Intracerebral Pial Arteriovenous Fistula with Aneurysm. Am J Med Sci 350(4):e4 10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000452 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2217-2","volume":"30","author":"UM Kraneburg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kraneburg UM, Nga VD, Ting EY, Hui FK, Lwin S, Teo C, Chou N, Yeo TT (2014) Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula in infancy: a case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 30(2):365\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-013-2217-2From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"6352_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04635-1","volume":"36","author":"M Kuwabara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuwabara M, Sakamoto S, Okazaki T, Oshita J, Taguchi A, Kurisu K (2020) Pediatric pial arteriovenous fistula located at the bottom of the callosal sulcus presenting with intraventricular hemorrhage: a case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 36(12):3129\u20133133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-020-04635-1From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2008.44.2.101","volume":"44","author":"JY Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee JY, Son YJ, Kim JE (2008) Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 44(2):101\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2008.44.2.101From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7461\/jcen.2012.14.4.305","volume":"14","author":"JS Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee JS, Oh CW, Bang JS, Kwon OK, Hwang G (2012) Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula presenting with hemorrhage: a case report. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 14(4):305\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7461\/jcen.2012.14.4.305From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg"},{"key":"6352_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.110","volume":"117","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Gao Z, Zhi X, Du J, Zhang H, Ling F (2018) Clipping of a Pediatric Pial Arteriovenous Fistula located at basilar artery tip using a hybrid trapping-evacuation technique. World Neurosurg 117:292\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.110From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26316","volume":"91","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J, Yu J, Zhang H, Li G (2022) Inherited Pial Arteriovenous Fistula in Capillary Malformation-Arteriovenous Malformation Family. Ann Neurol 91(4):575\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26316From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR59","first-page":"87","volume":"52","author":"US Limaye","year":"2004","unstructured":"Limaye US, Siddhartha W, Shrivastav M, Anand S, Ghatge S (2004) Endovascular management of intracranial pial arterio-venous fistulas. Neurol India 52(1):87\u201390 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.PEDS14486","volume":"16","author":"A Lo Presti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lo Presti A, Weil AG, Fallah A, Peterson EC, Niazi TN, Bhatia S (2015) Treatment of a cerebral pial arteriovenous fistula in a patient with sickle cell disease-related moyamoya syndrome: case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr 16(2):207\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.12.PEDS14486From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.01.023","volume":"73","author":"X Lv","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lv X, Jiang C, Li Y, Yang X, Wu Z (2010) Clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment for intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas. World Neurosurg 73(4):385\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.01.023From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019917720921","volume":"23","author":"P Lylyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lylyk P, Chudyk J, Bleise C, Serna Candel C, Aguilar Perez M, Henkes H (2017) Endovascular occlusion of pial arteriovenous macrofistulae, using pCANvas1 and adenosine-induced asystole to control nBCA injection. Interv Neuroradiol 23(6):644\u2013649 10.1177\/1591019917720921 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.6.PEDS13110","volume":"12","author":"PJ Madsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Madsen PJ, Lang SS, Pisapia JM, Storm PB, Hurst RW, Heuer GG (2013) An institutional series and literature review of pial arteriovenous fistulas in the pediatric population: clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr 12(4):344\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.6.PEDS13110From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"6352_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.114","volume":"118","author":"R Maejima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maejima R, Ohshima T, Miyachi S, Matsuo N, Kawaguchi R, Takayasu M (2018) Neonatal intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula treated with endovascular embolization: a Case Report. World Neurosurg 118:261\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.114From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019918763146","volume":"24","author":"M Mahmoud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahmoud M, Abdalla RN, Mohamed AH, Farid M (2018) Pial fistula in infancy: report of two cases and literature review with special emphasis on the ruptured group. Interv Neuroradiol 24(4):444\u2013449 10.1177\/1591019918763146 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106852","volume":"32","author":"N Miyamoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miyamoto N, Naito I, Takatama S, Iwai T, Tomizawa S (2023) A case of craniocervical junction pial arteriovenous fistula causing postoperative medullary and spinal cord edema. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 32(2):106852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106852From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.9.PEDS16458","volume":"19","author":"JA Morales-Gomez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morales-Gomez JA, Garza-Oyervides VV, Arenas-Ruiz JA, Mercado-Flores M, Elizondo-Riojas CG, Boop FA, de Leon (2017) A. M. Hydrocephalus in a patient with an unruptured pial arteriovenous fistula: hydrodynamic considerations, endovascular treatment, and clinical course. J Neurosurg Pediatr 19(3):307\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.9.PEDS16458From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6352_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2732-4","volume":"31","author":"SS Naik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naik SS, Sudhir V, Arvinda HR, Radhakrishnan M, Rao GS (2015) Embolisation of pulmonary vasculature during endovascular therapy-a case report. Childs Nerv Syst 31(9):1607\u20131611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-015-2732-4From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-282x","volume":"68","author":"GS Nakiri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakiri GS, Abud TG, Oliveira RS, Santos AC, Machado HR, Abud DG (2010) Endovascular treatment of intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 68(3):463\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-282x2010000300026 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"6352_CR70","first-page":"1565","volume":"19","author":"GM Nesbit","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL (1998) The use of electrolytically detachable coils in treating high-flow arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19(8):1565\u20131569 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.4.PEDS10577","volume":"7","author":"CB Newman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Newman CB, Hu YC, McDougall CG, Albuquerque FC (2011) Balloon-assisted Onyx embolization of cerebral single-channel pial arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg Pediatr 7(6):637\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.4.PEDS10577From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"6352_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.146","volume":"122","author":"T Okazaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okazaki T, Sakamoto S, Ishii D, Oshita J, Matsushige T, Shinagawa K, Ichinose N, Matsuda S, Kurisu K (2019) A Pial Arteriovenous Fistula in Infancy as the presenting manifestation of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. World Neurosurg 122:322\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.146From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2011-010241","volume":"5","author":"S Paramasivam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paramasivam S, Toma N, Niimi Y, Berenstein A (2013) Development, clinical presentation and endovascular management of congenital intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurointerv Surg 5(3):184\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2011-010241From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"6352_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050e1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.05.121","volume":"104","author":"A Pedicelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedicelli A, Iacobucci M, Frassanito P, Lozupone E, Masselli G, Di Rocco C, Colosimo CP (2017) Prenatal diagnosis and multimodal neonatal treatment of a Rare Pial Arteriovenous Fistula: Case Report and Review of the literature. World Neurosurg 104:1050e1013\u20131050e1018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.05.121. From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1159\/000517889","volume":"56","author":"RRL Phelps","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phelps RRL, Raygor KP, Amans MR, Gupta N, Abla AA (2021) Occult Brain Arteriovenous Malformation superimposed on a Pial Arteriovenous Fistula: Case Report. Pediatr Neurosurg 56(6):549\u2013554 10.1159\/000517889 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"6352_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puccinelli F, Tran Dong M, Iacobucci M, Mazoit JX, Durand P, Tissieres P, Saliou G (2019) Embolization of cerebral arteriovenous shunts in infants weighing less than 5 kg. J Neurosurg Pediatr 1\u20139. DOI: 10.3171\/2018.11.PEDS1865 From NLM Publisher.","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.11.PEDS1865"},{"issue":"9","key":"6352_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2778-3","volume":"31","author":"F Requejo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Requejo F, Jaimovich R, Marelli J, Zuccaro G (2015) Intracranial pial fistulas in pediatric population. Clinical features and treatment modalities. Childs Nerv Syst 31(9):1509\u20131514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-015-2778-3From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6352_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Requejo F, Teplisky D, Gonzalez Dutra ML, Lipsch J, Nguyen TN, Abdalkader M (2023) Intracranial arteriovenous shunts in infants: a decade of experience from a quaternary pediatric center. Interv Neuroradiol 15910199231180002. DOI: 10.1177\/15910199231180002 From NLM Publisher.","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199231180002"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019920940515","volume":"27","author":"B Ryu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryu B, Sato S, Mochizuki T, Inoue T, Okada Y, Niimi Y (2021) De novo intracranial arteriovenous malformation development after endovascular treatment for a pial arteriovenous fistula in capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome. Interv Neuroradiol 27(1):25\u201330 10.1177\/1591019920940515 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-022-05652-y","volume":"39","author":"C Sabrina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabrina C, Laura M, Sabrina S, Giacomo T, Nicoletta M, Elena P, Francesco C, Eugenio B (2023) Expect the unexpected: a case of spontaneous thrombosis of a pial arteriovenous fistula in a preterm newborn with review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 39(3):793\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-022-05652-yFrom NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25106","volume":"82","author":"G Saliou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saliou G, Eyries M, Iacobucci M, Knebel JF, Waill MC, Coulet F, Ozanne A, Soubrier F (2017) Clinical and genetic findings in children with central nervous system arteriovenous fistulas. Ann Neurol 82(6):972\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25106From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04068-5","volume":"35","author":"E Sarigecili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarigecili E, Caglar E, Yildiz A, Okuyaz C (2019) A rare concurrence: gelastic seizures in a patient with right temporal nongalenic pial arteriovenous fistula. Childs Nerv Syst 35(6):1055\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-019-04068-5From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6352_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kenichi Sato ME, Kimiwada T, Tominaga T (2021) Venous varix enlargement after cerebrospinal fluid diversion in a neonate with pial arteriovenous fistula complicated with hydrocephalus. A case report. Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inat.2020.100981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2020.100981"},{"key":"6352_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selvamurugan V, Prasad SN, Singh V, Neyaz Z (2021) Traumatic dissecting pathology of posterior cerebral artery: a report of two cases-aneurysm and pial arteriovenous fistula. BMJ Case Rep 14(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-237722From NLM Medline","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237722"},{"issue":"5","key":"6352_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.010","volume":"49","author":"AR Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith AR, Carpenter J, Pergami P (2013) Nocturnal headaches and pulsatile cranial mass: the tip of an iceberg. Pediatr Neurol 49(5):358\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.010From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9","volume":"15","author":"T Sugimoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sugimoto T, Park YS, Nakagawa I, Nishimura F, Motoyama Y, Nakase H (2015) Effectiveness of intraoperative indocyanine green videoangiography in direct surgical treatment of pediatric intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula. J Neurosurg Pediatr 15(1):55\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.9.PEDS13683 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-1-335","volume":"1","author":"SA Tabatabai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tabatabai SA, Zadeh MZ, Habibi Z, Meybodi AT, Hashemi M (2008) Intracerebral atypical calcification in nongalenic pial arteriovenous fistula: a case report. Cases J 1(1):335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1757-1626-1-335From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"Cases J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6352_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.100705","volume":"60","author":"L Tomycz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomycz L, Maris AS, Ghiassi M, Singer RJ (2012) Open surgical disconnection for congenital, multi-hole, pial arteriovenous fistulae in non-eloquent cortex. Neurol India 60(4):415\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.100705From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.154372","volume":"10","author":"P Tripathy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tripathy P, Sahoo RK, Sarangi GS, Mohanty S (2015) An intracranial arteriovenous fistula with a large pial venous varix in a young female: a case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Neurosci 10(1):85\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1817-1745.154372From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"6352_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000480","volume":"31","author":"K Venkatesulu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venkatesulu K, Nandhakumar A, Cherian M, Mehta P, Palanisamy N (2019) Pediatric High-flow Pial Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) for glue embolization: an anesthetic challenge. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 31(2):262\u2013263 1097\/ANA.0000000000000480 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2011-010168","volume":"5","author":"BP Walcott","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walcott BP, Smith ER, Scott RM, Orbach DB (2013) Pial arteriovenous fistulae in pediatric patients: associated syndromes and treatment outcome. J Neurointerv Surg 5(1):10\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2011-010168From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"2 Suppl Pediatr","key":"6352_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.100","volume":"100","author":"YC Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang YC, Wong HF, Yeh YS (2004) Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas with single-vein drainage. Report of three cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 100(2 Suppl Pediatrics):201\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2004.100.2.0201 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6352_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019920938965","volume":"27","author":"WT Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan WT, Li XZ, Yan CX, Liu JC (2021) Typical subdural contrast effusion secondary to endovascular treatment of a pediatric pial arteriovenous fistula. Interv Neuroradiol 27(1):31\u201336 10.1177\/1591019920938965 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"6352_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.171","volume":"115","author":"M Ye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ye M, Zhang P (2018) Transarterial balloon-assisted glue embolization of Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas. World Neurosurg 115:e761\u2013e767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.171From NLM Medline","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6352_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.59493","volume":"57","author":"H Yokota","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yokota H, Yokoyama K, Uchiyama Y, Kinoshita S (2009) Cerebral pial arteriovenous fistula with associated varix treated by direct surgery. Neurol India 57(6):819\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.59493From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_455_17","volume":"9","author":"M Zenteno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zenteno M, Lee A, Satyarthee GD, Moscote-Salazar LR (2018) Endovascular Management of Intracranial Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas: experience of Largest Series at a single Center over six years. J Neurosci Rural Pract 9(3):406\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_455_17. From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"6352_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2013.14.3.497","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Yang K, Wang C, Zhang C, Xie X, Tang J (2013) Congenital pial arteriovenous fistula in the temporal region draining into cavernous sinus: a case report. Korean J Radiol 14(3):497\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/kjr.2013.14.3.497From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6352_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1223-x","volume":"26","author":"G Zuccaro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zuccaro G, Arganaraz R, Villasante F, Ceciliano A (2010) Neurosurgical vascular malformations in children under 1 year of age. Childs Nerv Syst 26(10):1381\u20131394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-010-1223-xFrom NLM Medline","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-024-06352-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-024-06352-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-024-06352-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T06:05:42Z","timestamp":1716357942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-024-06352-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-024-06352-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-7040","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approved by all participating parties.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}