{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:10:31Z","timestamp":1770819031727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesize that distal shunt catheters fully impregnated with barium are more prone to failure compared to distal catheters with only a barium stripe. We sought to evaluate this distinction using a matched case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patient records over an 8-year period were queried for distal shunt revisions for fracture or disconnection (cases). A control group of patients with confirmed functioning distal catheters was queried from the same period and matched based on patient age at exploration\/revision. Data were collected via chart review, including demographics, hydrocephalus etiology, distal catheter type, and patient age at revision. Independent\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test, chi-squared, and binomial logistic regression analyses were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 194 patients included in the study: 97 patients with distal shunt revision and 97 controls with a functional distal shunt system. The mean patient age at distal catheter revision was 12.87\u2009\u00b1\u20094.59\u00a0years, and the mean patient age of the control group was 12.81\u2009\u00b1\u20094.59\u00a0years. The most common etiology was premature intraventricular hemorrhage (32%). Of the distal failures, 41.2% had fully impregnated barium catheters, while 58.8% had striped barium catheters. Of the control group, 76\/97 (78%) patients had barium-striped distal shunt catheters and 21\/97 (22%) had fully impregnated catheters. Logistic regression analysis showed that fully impregnated catheters were more likely than striped barium to fail,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004 (OR\u2009=\u20092.54, 95% CI 1.35\u20134.77).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a matched case\u2013control format, odds of failure of fully impregnated distal catheters were 2.54 greater than striped barium catheters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-024-06747-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T22:58:25Z","timestamp":1737154705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of failure rates between full-barium and striped barium distal shunt catheters: a matched case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Sage P.","family":"Rahm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M. 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