{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:59:12Z","timestamp":1790384352216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Managing hydrocephalus in infants can be very challenging. The most used permanent hydrocephalus treatment in young patients is a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement. Obstructive hydrocephalus in selected young patients can be treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). However, in infants less than 6\u00a0months of age, the outcome of both procedures remains to be bothered with complications, revision surgeries and long-term shunt dependency. This retrospective study analyzes the management of hydrocephalus in 54 very young infants with different etiological causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data was collected retrospectively from a single center university hospital over a 5-year period (2018\u20132022). All patients under 3\u00a0months of age with progressive ventriculomegaly confirmed by cranial ultrasound (cUS), who required neurosurgical intervention, were eligible for this study. Hydrocephalus was treated with serial tapping from a ventricular access device (VAD), placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunts and\/or performing a thulium laser-assisted ETV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve patients benefited sufficiently from a VAD to normalize ventricular volume lastingly. Forty-two patients required permanent treatment (28 underwent a VPS; 14 an ETV if there was obstructive hydrocephalus) at an average age of 2.5\u00a0months. The VPS failure rate was 32.1% and the ETV failure rate was 50%. Although not significantly different, patients with failed ETV tended to be younger than patients with successful ETV (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.38). One week before permanent ETV treatment, relatively large ventricular volumes were measured in failed ETV patients, as compared to successful ETVs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Managing hydrocephalus in very young infants remains challenging regarding surgical strategy, reducing shunt dependency and decreasing current complication rates. In addition to a VPS, an ETV has shown to be a successful treatment option for hydrocephalus in well-selected very young infants. The opportunity to decrease ventricular volume with a VAD could have contributed to the success of an ETV in this young patient group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T05:55:25Z","timestamp":1739858125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Managing hydrocephalus in 54 infants under 3\u00a0months of age: A single center cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"S. R. M.","family":"Van Rijen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Groenendaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. S.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Tataranno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"Woerdeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6769_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.02.048","volume":"155","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Mallucci CL, Sgouros S, Roth J, Constantini S (2009) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus. J Pediatr 155(2):254\u2013259","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6769_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0219-z","volume":"23","author":"AJR Balthasar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Balthasar AJR, Kort H, Cornips EMJ, Beuls EAM, Weber JW, Vles JSH (2007) Analysis of the success and failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants less than 1 year of age. Childs Nerv Syst 23(2):151\u2013155","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"5 Suppl Pediatr","key":"6769_CR3","first-page":"427","volume":"100","author":"RP Gorayeb","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gorayeb RP, Cavalheiro S, Zymberg ST (2004) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 1 year of age. J Neurosurg 100(5 Suppl Pediatrics):427\u2013429","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6769_CR4","first-page":"161","volume":"54","author":"YR Yadav","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yadav YR, Jaiswal S, Adam N, Basoor A, Jain G (2006) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants. Neurol India 54(2):161\u2013163","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"4","key":"6769_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-008-0761-y","volume":"25","author":"JM Drake","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drake JM, Kulkarni AV, Kestle J (2009) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt in pediatric patients: a decision analysis. Childs Nerv Syst 25(4):467\u2013472","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"6769_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000028753","volume":"30","author":"S Tuli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tuli S, Alshail E, Drake J (1999) Third ventriculostomy versus cerebrospinal fluid shunt as a first procedure in pediatric hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 30(1):11\u201315","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6769_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2017.0202.013","volume":"60","author":"CE Deopujari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deopujari CE, Karmarkar VS, Shaikh ST (2017) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: success and failure. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 60(3):306\u2013314","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"9293","key":"6769_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06670-3","volume":"358","author":"O Vernet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vernet O, Rilliet B (2001) Late complications of ventriculoatrial or ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Lancet 358(9293):1569\u20131570","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"6769_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-1019-z","volume":"26","author":"H Ogiwara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ogiwara H, Dipatri AJ Jr, Alden TD, Bowman RM, Tomita T (2010) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age. Childs Nerv Syst 26(3):343\u2013347","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"6769_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.8.PEDS103","volume":"6","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Kestle JR, Mallucci CL, Sgourus S, Constantini S (2010) Predicting who will benefit from endoscopic third ventriculostomy compared with shunt insertion in childhood hydrocephalus using the ETV Success Score. J Neurosurg Pediatr 6(4):310\u2013315","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6769_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000373199.79462.21","volume":"67","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Kestle JRW, Mallucci CL, Sgouros S, Constantini S (2010) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy vs cerebrospinal fluid shunt in the treatment of hydrocephalus in children: a propensity score-adjusted analysis. Neurosurgery 67(3):588\u2013593","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"6769_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255420.78431.E7","volume":"60","author":"JM Drake","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drake JM (2007) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in pediatric patients: the Canadian experience. Neurosurgery 60(5):881\u2013886","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"6769_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-0958-7","volume":"20","author":"D Koch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koch D, Wagner W (2004) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants of less than 1 year of age: which factors influence the outcome? Childs Nerv Syst 20(6):405\u2013411","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"6769_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0335-4","volume":"23","author":"J Baldauf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baldauf J, Oertel J, Gaab MR, Schroeder HWS (2007) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 2 years of age. Childs Nerv Syst 23(6):623\u2013626","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"6769_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.6.PEDS21120","volume":"28","author":"MN Cizmeci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cizmeci MN, de Vries LS, Tataranno ML, Groenendaal F, Zecic A, van de Pol LA et al (2021) Intraparenchymal hemorrhage after serial ventricular reservoir taps in neonates with hydrocephalus and association with neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age. J Neurosurg Pediatr 28(6):695\u2013702","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6769_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F70","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314206","volume":"104","author":"LS De Vries","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Brouwer AJ, Liem KD, Heep A, van\u2019t Verlaat E et al (2019) Treatment thresholds for intervention in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilation: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 104(1):F70\u2013F75","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"6769_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22779","volume":"50","author":"T De Boorder","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Boorder T, Brouwers HB, Noordmans HJ, Woerdeman PA, Han KS, Verdaasdonk RM (2018) Thulium laser-assisted endoscopic third ventriculostomy: Determining safe laser settings using in vitro model and 2 year follow-up results in 106 patients. Lasers Surg Med 50(6):629\u2013635","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"6769_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.12.900","volume":"56","author":"MI Levene","year":"1981","unstructured":"Levene MI (1981) Measurement of the growth of the lateral ventricles in preterm infants with real-time ultrasound. Arch Dis Child 56(12):900\u2013904","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"6769_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.82.3.F218","volume":"82","author":"MW Davies","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davies MW, Swaminathan M, Chuang SL, Betheras FR (2000) Reference ranges for the linear dimensions of the intracranial ventricles in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 82(3):218\u2013223","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"6769_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04127-x","volume":"35","author":"PV Sandoval","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sandoval PV, Rosales PH, Hern\u00e1ndez DGQ, Naranjo EAC, Navarro VG (2019) Intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: diagnosis, classification, and treatment options. Childs Nerv Syst 35(6):917\u2013927","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"6769_CR21","volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant and toddler development-Third edition","author":"N Bayley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bayley N (2006) Bayley scales of infant and toddler development-Third edition. Hartcourt assessments, San Antonio, TX"},{"key":"6769_CR22","unstructured":"Van Baar AL, Steenis LJP, Verhoeven M, Hessen D (2014) Bayley-III-NL. Technische handleiding. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Pearson Assessment and Information B.V. https:\/\/www.pearsonclinical.nl\/bayley-iii-nlbayley-scales-of-infant-and-toddler-development"},{"issue":"1","key":"6769_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05373-8","volume":"38","author":"SI Honeyman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Honeyman SI, Boukas A, Jayamohan J, Magdum S (2022) Neuroendoscopic lavage for the management of neonatal post haemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a retrospective series. Childs Nerv Syst 38(1):115\u2013121","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"6769_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.2.PEDS2037","volume":"26","author":"J Tirado-Callabero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tirado-Callabero J, Rivero-Garvia M, Arteaga-Romero F, Herreria-Franco J, Lozano Gonzalez \u00c1, Marquez-Rivas J (2020) Neuroendoscopic lavage for the management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: safety, effectivity, and lessons learned. J Neurosurg Pediatr 26(3):237\u2013246","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"6769_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.2.PEDS13397","volume":"13","author":"M Schulz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schulz M, B\u00fchrer C, Pohl-Schickinger A, Haberl H, Thomale UW (2014) Neuroendoscopic lavage for the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in neonates. J Neurosurg Pediatr 13(6):626\u2013635","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"6769_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05272-y","volume":"37","author":"A Schaumann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaumann A, B\u00fchrer C, Schulz M, Thomale UW (2021) Neuroendoscopic surgery in neonates - indication and results over a 10-year practice. Childs Nerv Syst 37(11):3541\u20133548","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"6769_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1770358","volume":"85","author":"MA Islas-Aguilar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islas-Aguilar MA, Torrez-Corzo JGA, Chalita-Williams JC, Cervantes DS, Vinas-Rios J (2024) Neuroendoscopic lavage and third ventriculostomy for the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in neonates. a prospective study with 18 months of follow-up. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 85(3):274\u2013279","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6769_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1960-0","volume":"29","author":"X Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu X, Di Rocco C (2013) Choroid plexus coagulation for hydrocephalus not due to CSF overproduction: a review. Childs Nerv Syst 29(1):35\u201342","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"6769_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000452809","volume":"52","author":"MC Dewan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Naftel RP (2017) The global rise of endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization in pediatric hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 52(6):401\u2013408","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"12 Suppl 2","key":"6769_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S514","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.332270","volume":"69","author":"RE Baticulon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baticulon RE, Dewan MC (2021) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus coagulation in infants: current concepts and illustrative cases. Neurol India 69(12 Suppl 2):S514\u2013S519","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"1","key":"6769_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41016-020-00228-8","volume":"7","author":"M Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman M, Khan SIMKN, Khan RA, Islam R, Sarker MH (2021) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children: problems and surgical outcome: analysis of 34 cases. Chin Neurosurg J 7(1):3","journal-title":"Chin Neurosurg J"},{"issue":"5","key":"6769_CR32","first-page":"e25136","volume":"14","author":"J Lane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lane J, Akbari SHA (2022) Failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Cureus 14(5):e25136","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"6769_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3896-5","volume":"34","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Sgouros S, Leitner Y, Constantini S (2018) International Infant Hydrocephalus Study (IIHS): 5-year health outcome results of a prospective, multicenter comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and shunt for infant hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 34(12):2391\u20132397","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:17:55Z","timestamp":1770815875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06769-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-7040","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"115"}}