{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T19:08:19Z","timestamp":1778699299535,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-025-06811-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:58:52Z","timestamp":1743728332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Frequency and outcomes of midline gliomas in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Soha","family":"Zahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farrah","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mustansir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khurram","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bilal Mazhar","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Hilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Ather","family":"Enam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Bouffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naureen","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"6811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.3390\/CANCERS15184545","volume":"15","author":"S Al Sharie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al Sharie S, Abu Laban D, Nazzal J et al (2023) Midline Gliomas: A Retrospective Study from a Cancer Center in the Middle East. Cancers (Basel) 15(18):4545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CANCERS15184545","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"6811_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Ruscio V, Del Baldo G, Fabozzi F, et al. Pediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas: An Unfinished Puzzle. Diagnostics. 2022;12(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/DIAGNOSTICS12092064","DOI":"10.3390\/DIAGNOSTICS12092064"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/JON.12905","volume":"31","author":"RS Chauhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chauhan RS, Kulanthaivelu K, Kathrani N et al (2021) Prediction of H3K27M mutation status of diffuse midline gliomas using MRI features. J Neuroimaging 31(6):1201\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JON.12905","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/S11060-020-03553-1","volume":"150","author":"TM Cooney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cooney TM, Lubanszky E, Prasad R, Hawkins C, Mueller S (2020) Diffuse midline glioma: review of epigenetics. J Neurooncol 150(1):27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11060-020-03553-1","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6811_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOAB106","volume":"23","author":"DN Louis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P et al (2021) The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol 23(8):1231\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOAB106","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"6811_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100899","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEO.2023.100899","volume":"40","author":"A Noon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noon A, Galban S (2023) Therapeutic avenues for targeting treatment challenges of diffuse midline gliomas. Neoplasia 40:100899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEO.2023.100899","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"issue":"7384","key":"6811_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE10833","volume":"482","author":"J Schwartzentruber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwartzentruber J, Korshunov A, Liu XY et al (2012) Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma. Nature 482(7384):226\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE10833","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"22","key":"6811_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6788","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0126","volume":"25","author":"C Werbrouck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Werbrouck C, Evangelista CCS, Lob\u00f3n-Iglesias MJ et al (2019) TP53 Pathway Alterations Drive Radioresistance in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG). Clin Cancer Res 25(22):6788\u20136800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0126","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/S12885-017-3274-9","volume":"17","author":"B Lehtinen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lehtinen B, Raita A, Kesseli J et al (2017) Clinical association analysis of ependymomas and pilocytic astrocytomas reveals elevated FGFR3 and FGFR1 expression in aggressive ependymomas. BMC Cancer 17(1):310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12885-017-3274-9","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/HEALTHCARE11040559","volume":"11","author":"S Farrukh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farrukh S, Habib S, Rafaqat A et al (2023) Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: A Systematic Review. Healthcare 11(4):559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/HEALTHCARE11040559","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"6811_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miguel Llordes G, Medina P\u00e9rez VM, Curto Sim\u00f3n B, Castells-Yus I, V\u00e1zquez Sufuentes S, Schuhmacher AJ. Epidemiology, Diagnostic Strategies, and Therapeutic Advances in Diffuse Midline Glioma. J Clin Med. 2023;12(16). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/JCM12165261","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM12165261"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815601495","volume":"31","author":"T Hennika","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennika T, Becher OJ (2016) Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: Time for Cautious Optimism. J Child Neurol 31(12):1377\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073815601495","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"6811_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MC B, A N, C M, et al. A Protocol for the Generation of Treatment-na\u00efve Biopsy-derived Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma and Diffuse Midline Glioma Models. J Exp Neurol. 2020;1(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33696\/\/NEUROL.1.025","DOI":"10.33696\/\/NEUROL.1.025"},{"key":"6811_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCONREL.2023.11.037","volume":"365","author":"PJ Martinez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martinez PJ, Green AL, Borden MA (2024) Targeting diffuse midline gliomas: The promise of focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening. J Control Release 365:412\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCONREL.2023.11.037","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"8","key":"6811_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/S11940-019-0577-Y","volume":"21","author":"NA Vitanza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vitanza NA, Monje M (2019) Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: From Diagnosis to Next-Generation Clinical Trials. Curr Treat Options Neurol 21(8):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11940-019-0577-Y","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000577","volume":"31","author":"R Aziz-Bose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aziz-Bose R, Monje M (2019) Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: molecular landscape and emerging therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Oncol 31(6):522\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000577","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S40478-020-00930-9\/TABLES\/1","volume":"8","author":"J Chiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiang J, Diaz AK, Makepeace L et al (2020) Clinical, imaging, and molecular analysis of pediatric pontine tumors lacking characteristic imaging features of DIPG. Acta Neuropathol Commun 8(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40478-020-00930-9\/TABLES\/1","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"19","key":"6811_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.9308","volume":"36","author":"LM Hoffman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoffman LM, Van Zanten SEMV, Colditz N et al (2018) Clinical, Radiologic, Pathologic, and Molecular Characteristics of Long-Term Survivors of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG): A Collaborative Report From the International and European Society for Pediatric Oncology DIPG Registries. J Clin Oncol 36(19):1963\u20131972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.9308","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOU349","volume":"17","author":"SA Almenawer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Almenawer SA, Badhiwala JH, Alhazzani W et al (2015) Biopsy versus partial versus gross total resection in older patients with high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol 17(6):868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOU349","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.14791\/BTRT.2022.0035","volume":"10","author":"SW Jang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jang SW, Song SW, Kim YH et al (2022) Clinical Features and Prognosis of Diffuse Midline Glioma: A Series of 24 Cases. Brain Tumor Res Treat 10(4):255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14791\/BTRT.2022.0035","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/S00401-016-1545-1","volume":"131","author":"DN Louis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G et al (2016) The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 131(6):803\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00401-016-1545-1","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/S11060-019-03287-9","volume":"145","author":"FE El-Khouly","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Khouly FE, Veldhuijzen van Zanten SEM, Santa-Maria Lopez V et al (2019) Diagnostics and treatment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: where do we stand? J Neurooncol 145(1):177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11060-019-03287-9","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOX149","volume":"20","author":"M Karremann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karremann M, Gielen GH, Hoffmann M et al (2018) Diffuse high-grade gliomas with H3 K27M mutations carry a dismal prognosis independent of tumor location. Neuro Oncol 20(1):123\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOX149","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/S11060-019-03134-X","volume":"143","author":"KC Schreck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schreck KC, Ranjan S, Skorupan N et al (2019) Incidence and clinicopathologic features of H3 K27M mutations in adults with radiographically-determined midline gliomas. J Neurooncol 143(1):87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11060-019-03134-X","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6811_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOW274","volume":"19","author":"D Meyronet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meyronet D, Esteban-Mader M, Bonnet C et al (2017) Characteristics of H3 K27M-mutant gliomas in adults. Neuro Oncol 19(8):1127\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOW274","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"6811_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Sharie S, Abu Laban D, Al-Hussaini M. Decoding Diffuse Midline Gliomas: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(19). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CANCERS15194869\/S1","DOI":"10.3390\/CANCERS15194869\/S1"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/S10555-019-09824-2","volume":"38","author":"WM Rashed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashed WM, Maher E, Adel M, Saber O, Zaghloul MS (2019) Pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: where do we stand? Cancer Metastasis Rev 38(4):759\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10555-019-09824-2","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOAB140","volume":"24","author":"C Erker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erker C, Lane A, Chaney B et al (2022) Characteristics of patients \u226510 years of age with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: a report from the International DIPG\/DMG Registry. Neuro Oncol 24(1):141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOAB140","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"6811_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOAD229","volume":"26","author":"J Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel J, Aittaleb R, Doherty R et al (2024) Liquid biopsy in H3K27M diffuse midline glioma. Neuro Oncol 26(Supplement_2):S101\u2013S109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NEUONC\/NOAD229","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CCELL.2020.03.012","volume":"37","author":"E Kilgour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kilgour E, Rothwell DG, Brady G, Dive C (2020) Liquid Biopsy-Based Biomarkers of Treatment Response and Resistance. Cancer Cell 37(4):485\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CCELL.2020.03.012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"6811_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100852","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEO.2022.100852","volume":"35","author":"KR Lehner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lehner KR, Jiang K, Rincon-Torroella J, Perera R, Bettegowda C (2022) Cerebrospinal Fluid biomarkers in pediatric brain tumors: A systematic review. Neoplasia 35:100852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEO.2022.100852","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"6811_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bettegowda C, Sausen M, Leary RJ, et al. Detection of circulating tumor DNA in early- and late-stage human malignancies. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(224). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.3007094","DOI":"10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.3007094"},{"key":"6811_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jovanovich N, Habib A, Head J, Hameed F, Agnihotri S, Zinn PO. Pediatric diffuse midline glioma: Understanding the mechanisms and assessing the next generation of personalized therapeutics. Neurooncol Adv. 2023;5(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NOAJNL\/VDAD040","DOI":"10.1093\/NOAJNL\/VDAD040"},{"key":"6811_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3389\/FONC.2019.01380","volume":"9","author":"MP Chao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chao MP, Takimoto CH, Feng DD et al (2019) Therapeutic Targeting of the Macrophage Immune Checkpoint CD47 in Myeloid Malignancies. Front Oncol 9:1380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FONC.2019.01380","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.6.PEDS19259","volume":"24","author":"VM Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu VM, Power EA, Zhang L, Daniels DJ (2019) Liquid biopsy for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: an update. J Neurosurg Pediatr 24(5):593\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.6.PEDS19259","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06811-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06811-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06811-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:17:42Z","timestamp":1770815862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06811-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-025-06811-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-7040","1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-7040","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"148"}}