{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:55:30Z","timestamp":1772160930824,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-026-07182-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:57:19Z","timestamp":1772157439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns of injury, management stratification, and inpatient outcomes in pediatric complete cervical spinal cord injury: insights from a national database"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Inzerillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mert","family":"Karabacak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosivel","family":"Galvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mastrokostas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Morgenstern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Margetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000233","author":"c Thompson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thompson c, Mutch J, Parent S, Mac-Thiong J (2015) The changing demographics of traumatic spinal cord injury: an 11-year study of 831 patients. J Spinal Cord Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000233","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"7182_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71983-2","volume":"14","author":"V Stenimahitis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stenimahitis V, Gharios M, Fletcher-Sandersj\u00f6\u00f6 A, El-Hajj VG, Singh A, Buwaider A et al (2024) Long-term outcome and predictors of neurological recovery in cervical spinal cord injury: a population-based cohort study. Sci Rep 14:20945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-71983-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7182_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-024-00506-4","volume":"11","author":"L Al-Salehi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Salehi L, Kroeker SG, Kerrigan JR, Cripton PA, Panzer MB, Siegmund GP (2024) Cervical vertebral and spinal cord injuries in rollover occupants. Inj Epidemiol 11:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40621-024-00506-4","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"key":"7182_CR4","unstructured":"Mandadi AR, Koutsogiannis P, Das JM, Waseem M. Pediatric Spine Trauma. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 14]. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK442027\/. Accessed 14 Nov 2024"},{"key":"7182_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5974","volume":"36","author":"PV ter Wengel","year":"2019","unstructured":"ter Wengel PV, De Witt Hamer PC, Pauptit JC, van der Gaag NA, Oner FC, Vandertop WP (2019) Early surgical decompression improves neurological outcome after complete traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma 36:835\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5974","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"7182_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-0477-8","volume":"58","author":"CS Ahuja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahuja CS, Badhiwala JH, Fehlings MG, Nature Publishing Group (2020) Time is spine\u201d: the importance of early intervention for traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 58:1037\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-020-0477-8","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"7182_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2022.101594","volume":"29","author":"MJ Hagan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagan MJ, Feler J, Sun F, Leary OP, Bajaj A, Kanekar S et al (2022) Spinal cord injury in adult and pediatric populations. Interdiscip Neurosurg 29:101594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inat.2022.101594","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"7182_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carr MT, Jagtiani P, Bhimani AD, Karabacak M, Kwon B, Margetis K et al. (2024) Optimal timing in cervical spinal cord injury: a comprehensive meta-analysis of ultra-early surgical intervention within five hours. Cureus [Internet]. Cureus; [cited 2024 Dec 9];16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.62015","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.62015"},{"key":"7182_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-018-0992-x","volume":"45","author":"PC Copley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Copley PC, Tilliridou V, Kirby A, Jones J, Kandasamy J (2019) Management of cervical spine trauma in children. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 45:777\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-018-0992-x","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"7182_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S202","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f35acb","volume":"35","author":"S Parent","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parent S, Dimar J, Dekutoski M, Roy-Beaudry M (2010) Unique features of pediatric spinal cord injury. Spine 35:S202-208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f35acb","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7182_CR11","unstructured":"Trauma Quality Programs Participant Use File [Internet]. ACS. [cited 2024 July 30]. https:\/\/www.facs.org\/quality-programs\/trauma\/quality\/national-trauma-data-bank\/datasets\/. Accessed 30 July 2024"},{"key":"7182_CR12","volume-title":"The abbreviated injury scale 2005 revision","author":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)","year":"2005","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) (2005) The abbreviated injury scale 2005 revision. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Barrington, IL"},{"key":"7182_CR13","volume-title":"The abbreviated injury scale 2015 revision","author":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM)","year":"2015","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) (2015) The abbreviated injury scale 2015 revision. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Barrington, IL"},{"key":"7182_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-018-0988-3","volume":"43","author":"MJ Pandrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pandrich MJ, Demetriades AK (2020) Prevalence of concomitant traumatic cranio-spinal injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 43:69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-018-0988-3","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"7182_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-023-02278-w","author":"N Marchesini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marchesini N, Demetriades AK, Peul WC, Tommasi N, Zanatta P, Pinna G et al (2023) Concomitant trauma of brain and upper cervical spine: lessons in injury patterns and outcomes. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-023-02278-w","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"7182_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1757728","volume":"17","author":"A Yadav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yadav A, Singh A, Verma R, Singh VK, Ojha BK, Chandra A et al (2022) Pediatric cervical spine injuries. Asian J Neurosurg 17:557\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1757728","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"key":"7182_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.25665","volume":"36","author":"RL Brown","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown RL, Brunn MA, Garcia VF (2001) Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 36:1107\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/jpsu.2001.25665","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"7182_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi3.55","volume":"2","author":"J Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng J, Nan G (2024) Advance in pediatric spinal cord injury. Pediatr Discov 2:e55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pdi3.55","journal-title":"Pediatr Discov"},{"key":"7182_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.92.1.0012","author":"MA Eleraky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eleraky MA, Theodore N, Adams M, Rekate HL, Sonntag VKH (2000) Pediatric cervical spine injuries: report of 102 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2000.92.1.0012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"7182_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hill SA, Miller CA, Kosnik EJ, Hunt WE (1984) Pediatric neck injuries. J Neurosurg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1984.60.4.0700","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.60.4.0700"},{"key":"7182_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2007.106.6.426","author":"S Dogan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dogan S, Safavi-Abbasi S, Theodore N, Chang SW, Horn EM, Mariwalla NR et al (2007) Thoracolumbar and sacral spinal injuries in children and adolescents: a review of 89 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2007.106.6.426","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"7182_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hadley MN, Zabramski JM, Browner CM, Rekate H, Sonntag VKH (1988) Pediatric spinal trauma. J Neurosurg 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0018","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0018"},{"key":"7182_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1156","volume":"28","author":"S Casha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Casha S, Christie S, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers (2011) A systematic review of intensive cardiopulmonary management after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 28:1479\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2009.1156","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"7182_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197712000-00006","volume":"17","author":"HJ Hachen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hachen HJ (1977) Idealized care of the acutely injured spinal cord in Switzerland. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 17:931","journal-title":"J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"7182_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554986","volume":"4","author":"K Lemley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lemley K, Bauer P (2015) Pediatric spinal cord injury: recognition of injury and initial resuscitation, in hospital management, and coordination of care. J Pediatr Intensive Care 4:27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1554986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Intensive Care"},{"key":"7182_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-130232","volume":"6","author":"C-T Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim C-T, Greenberg J, Kim H, SAGE Publications (2013) Pediatric rehabilitation: trends in length of stay. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 6:11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/PRM-130232","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med"},{"key":"7182_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamilton MG, Mylks ST (1992) Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions. [cited 2024 Nov 22]; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1992.77.5.0700","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.5.0700"},{"key":"7182_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sengupta D, Bindra A, Kumar N, Goyal K, Singh PK, Chaturvedi A, et al. (2021) Respiratory morbidity and mortality of traumatic cervical spinal cord injury at a level I trauma center in India. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. Nature Publishing Group; 7:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-020-00371-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-020-00371-5"},{"key":"7182_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000120476","volume":"15","author":"CA Dickman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dickman CA, Rekate HL, Sonntag VKH, Zabramski JM (2008) Pediatric spinal trauma: vertebral column and spinal cord injuries in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 15:237\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000120476","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"7182_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000129026.03194.0f","volume":"29","author":"MY Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang MY, Hoh DJ, Leary SP, Griffith P, McComb JG (2004) High rates of neurological improvement following severe traumatic pediatric spinal cord injury. Spine 29:1493\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000129026.03194.0f","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"7182_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1153","volume":"28","author":"S Parent","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parent S, Mac-Thiong J-M, Roy-Beaudry M, Sosa JF, Labelle H, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers (2011) Spinal cord injury in the pediatric population: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurotrauma 28:1515\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2009.1153","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07182-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07182-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07182-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:57:20Z","timestamp":1772157440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07182-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07182-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS-TQP are the source of the data used herein; they have not been verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement by ACS"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"86"}}