{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:48:47Z","timestamp":1776480527302,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82170798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZZ2059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZZ2059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-026-07266-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:29:03Z","timestamp":1776479343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric sinogenic intracranial abscesses: a case series and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Tianlang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunkun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"7266_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01868-1","volume":"51","author":"E Venturini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Venturini E, Del Bene M, Fusani L, Fusco E, Morlando A, Chiappini E, Verga MC, Di Mauro G, Garazzino S, Castelli Gattinara G, Esposito S, Bruzzese E, Principi N, Marseglia GL, Midulla F, Doria M, Don\u00e0 D, Stefani S, Capuano A, Biasci P, D\u2019Avino A, Staiano A, Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A, Galli L (2025) Treatment of sinusitis in children: an Italian intersociety consensus (SIPPS-SIP-SITIP-FIMP-SIAIP-SIMRI-SIM-FIMMG). Ital J Pediatr 51(1):102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01868-1","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"7266_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0816-8","volume":"18","author":"A Ziegler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ziegler A, Patadia M, Stankiewicz J (2018) Neurological complications of acute and chronic sinusitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 18(2):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-018-0816-8","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"7266_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0b013e3181f86398","volume":"30","author":"CW Hicks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hicks CW, Weber JG, Reid JR, Moodley M (2011) Identifying and managing intracranial complications of sinusitis in children: a retrospective series. Pediatr Infect Dis J 30(3):222\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/inf.0b013e3181f86398","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"1","key":"7266_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2008.09.009","volume":"31","author":"JM DelGaudio","year":"2010","unstructured":"DelGaudio JM, Evans SH, Sobol SE, Parikh SL (2010) Intracranial complications of sinusitis: what is the role of endoscopic sinus surgery in the acute setting. Am J Otolaryngol 31(1):25\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjoto.2008.09.009","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7266_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.862","volume":"171","author":"VJ Cress","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cress VJ, Green KJ, Jain A, Viaud-Murat EM, Patel PA, Wiedermann JP (2024) A scoping review of the intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 171(4):937\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.862","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"7266_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496915622129","volume":"105","author":"TK Nicoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nicoli TK, Oinas M, Niemel\u00e4 M, M\u00e4kitie AA, Atula T (2016) Intracranial suppurative complications of sinusitis. Scand J Surg 105(4):254\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1457496915622129","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"7266_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.07.002","volume":"175","author":"M Cantiera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cantiera M, Tattevin P, Sonneville R (2019) Brain abscess in immunocompetent adult patients. Rev Neurol (Paris) 175(7\u20138):469\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.07.002","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"1","key":"7266_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4067\/s0716-10182006000100011","volume":"23","author":"BRO Bustos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bustos BRO, Pav\u00e9z MPA, Bancalari MBJ, Miranda ARM, Escobar SHR (2006) Empiema subdural como complicaci\u00f3n de sinusitis [Subdural empyema secondary to sinusitis]. Rev Chilena Infectol 23(1):73\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/s0716-10182006000100011","journal-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7266_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199707000-00005","volume":"107","author":"CM Giannoni","year":"1997","unstructured":"Giannoni CM, Stewart MG, Alford EL (1997) Intracranial complications of sinusitis. Laryngoscope 107(7):863\u2013867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005537-199707000-00005","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"7266_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.03.020","volume":"79","author":"AP Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel AP, Masterson L, Deutsch CJ, Scoffings DJ, Fish BM (2015) Management and outcomes in children with sinogenic intracranial abscesses. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 79(6):868\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.03.020","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7266_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin22.070","volume":"60","author":"F Bandino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bandino F, Thota R, Pendolino AL, Chaidas K, Jeyaretna S, Lawrence T, Martinez-Devesa P, Qureishi A (2022) A surgical protocol for sinogenic brain abscess: the Oxford experience and a review of the literature. Rhinology 60(5):357\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4193\/Rhin22.070","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"7266_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.06.019","volume":"112","author":"AJ Schupper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schupper AJ, Jiang W, Coulter MJ, Brigger M, Nation J (2018) Intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis: identifying risk factors associated with prolonged clinical course. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 112:10\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.06.019","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"7266_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0296-2021","volume":"54","author":"VV Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang VV, Chang CY, Radhakrishnan AP (2021) Invasive Aspergillus rhinosinusitis complicated with cerebral abscess. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 54:e02962021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0037-8682-0296-2021","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"7266_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21814","volume":"52","author":"H Lackner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lackner H, Sovinz P, Benesch M, Smolle-J\u00fcttner F, Mokry M, Schwinger W, Moser A, Urban C (2009) Management of brain abscesses in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52(3):408\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.21814","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"7266_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2010.53.5.648","volume":"53","author":"CG Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee CG, Kang SH, Kim YJ, Shin HJ, Choi HS, Lee JH, Lee MH (2010) Brain abscess in Korean children: a 15-year single center study. Korean J Pediatr 53(5):648\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/kjp.2010.53.5.648","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"7266_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.05.009","volume":"86","author":"NA Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel NA, Garber D, Hu S, Kamat A (2016) Systematic review and case report: intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 86:200\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.05.009","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7266_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa101","volume":"10","author":"WR Otto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Otto WR, Paden WZ, Connors M, Joerger T, Buzi A, Rizzi M, Huh J, Storm P, Heuer G, Kennedy B, McGuire J, Swami S, Lang SS (2021) Suppurative intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis: a single-center experience. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 10(3):309\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/piaa101","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"7266_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"002","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615786","volume":"14","author":"A Krzysztofiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krzysztofiak A, Zangari P, De Luca M, Villani A (2017) Brain abscesses: an overview in children. J Pediatr Infect Dis 14:002\u2013005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0037-1615786","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"7266_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.5.FOCUS19268","volume":"47","author":"S Konar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Konar S, Gohil D, Shukla D, Sadashiva N, Uppar A, Bhat DI, Srinivas D, Arimappamagan A, Devi BI (2019) Predictors of outcome of subdural empyema in children. Neurosurg Focus 47(2):E17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.5.FOCUS19268","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"4","key":"7266_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000084163.51521.58","volume":"53","author":"NS Heran","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heran NS, Steinbok P, Cochrane DD (2003) Conservative neurosurgical management of intracranial epidural abscesses in children. Neurosurgery 53(4):893\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000084163.51521.58","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"7266_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e262","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1071","volume":"132","author":"ER Wald","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wald ER, Applegate KE, Bordley C, Darrow DH, Glode MP, Marcy SM, Nelson CE, Rosenfeld RM, Shaikh N, Smith MJ, Williams PV, Weinberg ST, American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children aged 1 to 18 years. Pediatrics 132(1):e262-280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-1071","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"7266_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-015-0424-y","volume":"6","author":"JW Dankbaar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dankbaar JW, van Bemmel AJ, Pameijer FA (2015) Imaging findings of the orbital and intracranial complications of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Insights Imaging 6(5):509\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13244-015-0424-y","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"7266_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.08.016","volume":"30","author":"J Bodilsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bodilsen J, D\u2019Alessandris QG, Humphreys H, Iro MA, Klein M, Last K, Montesinos IL, Pagliano P, Sipahi OR, San-Juan R, Tattevin P, Thurnher M, de J Trevi\u00f1o-Rangel R, Brouwer MC, ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain (ESGIB) (2024) European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 30(1):66\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.08.016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"7266_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.3.181","volume":"87","author":"R Kneen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kneen R, Solomon T, Appleton R (2002) The role of lumbar puncture in suspected CNS infection\u2013a disappearing skill? Arch Dis Child 87(3):181\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.87.3.181","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"7266_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000334","volume":"30","author":"MC Brouwer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brouwer MC, van de Beek D (2017) Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of brain abscesses. Curr Opin Infect Dis 30(1):129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000334","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"7266_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.05.004","volume":"23","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sonneville R, Ruimy R, Benzonana N, Riffaud L, Carsin A, Tadi\u00e9 JM, Piau C, Revest M, Tattevin P, ESCMID Study Group for Infectious Diseases of the Brain (ESGIB) (2017) An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 23(9):614\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.05.004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"7266_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.109841","volume":"131","author":"C Din-Lovinescu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Din-Lovinescu C, Mir G, Blanco C, Zhao K, Mazzoni T, Fried A, El Khashab M, Lin G (2020) Intracranial complications of pediatric rhinosinusitis: identifying risk factors and interventions affecting length of hospitalization. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 131:109,841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.109841","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"10","key":"7266_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00325-24","volume":"12","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Guo X, Liu H, Wang B, Wu J, Chen S, Zhang W, Zhang X, Wang X (2024) Augmented pathogen detection in brain abscess using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a retrospective cohort study. Microbiol Spectr 12(10):e0032524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00325-24","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"7266_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.2.189","volume":"7","author":"WH Boom","year":"1985","unstructured":"Boom WH, Tuazon CU (1985) Successful treatment of multiple brain abscesses with antibiotics alone. Rev Infect Dis 7(2):189\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/7.2.189","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"7266_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.01.020","volume":"73","author":"I Brook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brook I (2009) Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 73(9):1183\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.01.020","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7266_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182748d6e","volume":"32","author":"S Felsenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Felsenstein S, Williams B, Shingadia D, Coxon L, Riordan A, Demetriades AK, Chandler CL, Bassi S, Koutoumanou E, Stapleton S, Sharland M, Bryant PA (2013) Clinical and microbiologic features guiding treatment recommendations for brain abscesses in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32(2):129\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182748d6e","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"7266_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2022.111093","volume":"156","author":"GP Sexton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sexton GP, Nae A, Cleere EF, O\u2019Riordan I, O\u2019Neill JP, Lacy PD, Amin M, Colreavy M, Caird J, Crimmins D (2022) Concurrent management of suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis and acute otitis media in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 156:111,093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2022.111093","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"7266_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.05.015","volume":"110","author":"YF Kou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kou YF, Killeen D, Whittemore B, Farzal Z, Booth T, Swift D, Berg E, Mitchell R, Shah G (2018) Intracranial complications of acute sinusitis in children: the role of endoscopic sinus surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 110:147\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.05.015","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"7266_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70688-0","volume":"7","author":"MK Osborn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Osborn MK, Steinberg JP (2007) Subdural empyema and other suppurative complications of paranasal sinusitis. Lancet Infect Dis 7:62\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70688-0","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"7266_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.5.750","volume":"18","author":"EA Rosenfeld","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosenfeld EA, Rowley AH (1994) Infectious intracranial complications of sinusitis, other than meningitis, in children: 12-year review. Clin Infect Dis 18(5):750\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/18.5.750","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7266_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luk HG, Rose AS (2025) Orbital Complications of Acute Sinusitis in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review. Ear Nose Throat J 1455613251366039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01455613251366039","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613251366039"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07266-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07266-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07266-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:29:04Z","timestamp":1776479344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07266-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07266-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent for publication was obtained from the patients\u2019 guardians included in this article. All patient information was anonymized, and the submission does not include images that may identify the patients.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"166"}}