{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:15:19Z","timestamp":1788516919191,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Childs Nerv Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-026-07444-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:41:48Z","timestamp":1788514908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An expert-based assessment of the quality, reliability, understandability, and readability of ChatGPT responses on cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do\u011fan","family":"Porsnok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0130-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sefa","family":"Unes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl 109","key":"7444_CR1","first-page":"8","volume":"109","author":"P Rosenbaum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D et al (2007) A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 109(suppl 109):8\u201314","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl"},{"issue":"9","key":"7444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000880","volume":"41","author":"IT Elangkovan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elangkovan IT, Shorey S (2020) Experiences and needs of parents caring for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. J Dev Behav Pediatr 41(9):730\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000880","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"14","key":"7444_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.638035","volume":"34","author":"A Majnemer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Majnemer A, Shevell M, Law M, Poulin C, Rosenbaum P (2012) Indicators of distress in families of children with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 34(14):1202\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09638288.2011.638035","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"7444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071398","author":"SA Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams SA, Alzaher W, Mackey A, Hogan A, Battin M, Sorhage A et al (2021) It should have been given sooner, and we should not have to fight for \u0131t\u201d: a mixed-methods study of the experience of diagnosis and early management of cerebral palsy. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10071398","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19669","author":"A Buteau-Poulin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buteau-Poulin A, Gosselin C, Bergeron-Ouellet A, Kiss J, Lamontagne M\u00c8, Maltais D et al (2020) Availability and quality of web resources for parents of children with disability: content analysis and usability study. JMIR Pediatr Parent. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19669","journal-title":"JMIR Pediatr Parent"},{"key":"7444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1166120","author":"L De Angelis","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Angelis L, Baglivo F, Arzilli G, Privitera GP, Ferragina P, Tozzi AE et al (2023) ChatGPT and the rise of large language models: the new AI-driven infodemic threat in public health. Front Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1166120","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"7444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03172-7","volume":"51","author":"SS Biswas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biswas SS (2023) Role of chat GPT in public health. Ann Biomed Eng 51(5):868\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03172-7","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"7444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.970430","author":"K Zdravkova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zdravkova K, Krasniqi V, Dalipi F, Ferati M (2022) Cutting-edge communication and learning assistive technologies for disabled children: an artificial intelligence perspective. Front Artif Intell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2022.970430","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"7444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.q596","volume":"384","author":"MJ Sorich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sorich MJ, Menz BD, Hopkins AM (2024) Quality and safety of artificial intelligence generated health information. BMJ 384:q596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.q596","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"7444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-025-04198-4","volume":"35","author":"AM \u00c7\u0131rac\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00c7\u0131rac\u0131o\u011flu AM, Dal Erdo\u011fan S (2025) Evaluation of the reliability, usefulness, quality and readability of ChatGPT\u2019s responses on scoliosis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 35(1):123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-025-04198-4","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.11.012","volume":"9","author":"UC Kolac","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolac UC, Karademir OM, Ayik G, Kaymakoglu M, Familiari F, Huri G (2025) Can popular AI large language models provide reliable answers to frequently asked questions about rotator cuff tears? JSES Int 9(2):390\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.11.012","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"7444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000003615","volume":"210","author":"R Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis R, Eppler M, Ayo-Ajibola O, Loh-Doyle JC, Nabhani J, Samplaski M et al (2023) Evaluating the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-powered large language models application in disseminating appropriate and readable health information in urology. J Urol 210(4):688\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ju.0000000000003615","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2023.0089","volume":"29","author":"YH Yeo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yeo YH, Samaan JS, Ng WH, Ting P-S, Trivedi H, Vipani A et al (2023) Assessing the performance of ChatGPT in answering questions regarding cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 29(3):721\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/cmh.2023.0089","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2024.2316178","volume":"44","author":"AM Ata","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ata AM, Berke A, \u00d6zlem YT, Canan \u00c7, \u00c7ulha C (2024) Evaluation of \u0131nformative content on cerebral palsy in the era of artificial \u0131ntelligence: the value of ChatGPT. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 44(5):605\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01942638.2024.2316178","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"7444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","volume":"53","author":"D Charnock","year":"1999","unstructured":"Charnock D, Shepperd S, Needham G, Gann R (1999) DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices. J Epidemiol Community Health 53(2):105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"7444_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.05.027","volume":"96","author":"SJ Shoemaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C (2014) Development of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): a new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information. Patient Educ Couns 96(3):395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2014.05.027","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"7444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kincaid JP, Fishburne Jr RP, Rogers RL, Chissom BS ( 1975) Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and flesch reading ease formula) for navy enlisted personnel.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"key":"7444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2024.104620","volume":"151","author":"Q Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei Q, Yao Z, Cui Y, Wei B, Jin Z, Xu X (2024) Evaluation of ChatGPT-generated medical responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Biomed Inform 151:104620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2024.104620","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"5","key":"7444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-025-05451-2","volume":"77","author":"AZ Zakirah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zakirah AZ, Saniasiaya J (2025) Parental perception on usage of AI chatbot to understand paediatric otorhinolaryngology condition: a survey. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 77(5):2078\u20132087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12070-025-05451-2","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"7444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2023.2277937","volume":"55","author":"E Elmao\u011flu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elmao\u011flu E, Batuhan CA, Y\u00fczer AS (2024) Digital transformation: the role, potential, and limitations of ChatGPT in child health education. Am J Health Educ 55(1):69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19325037.2023.2277937","journal-title":"Am J Health Educ"},{"key":"7444_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.70009","author":"MA Bentan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bentan MA, Lee L, Moffatt D, Nord R (2025) Assessing ChatGPT responses to commonly asked questions about hypoglossal nerve stimulation. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wjo2.70009","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"7444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49764","volume":"15","author":"O Haidar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haidar O, Jaques A, McCaughran PW, Metcalfe MJ (2023) AI-generated information for vascular patients: assessing the standard of procedure-specific information provided by the ChatGPT AI-language model. Cureus 15(11):e49764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.49764","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"10","key":"7444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46662","volume":"15","author":"I Ulusoy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ulusoy I, Y\u0131lmaz M, K\u0131vrak A (2023) How efficient is ChatGPT in accessing accurate and quality health-related information? Cureus 15(10):e46662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.46662","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"7444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisako.2024.100323","volume":"9","author":"BT Lack","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lack BT, Mouhawasse E, Childers JT, Jackson GR, Daji SV, Yerke-Hansen P et al (2024) Can ChatGPT answer patient questions regarding reverse shoulder arthroplasty? J ISAKOS 9(6):100323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisako.2024.100323","journal-title":"J ISAKOS"},{"key":"7444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123755","volume":"196","author":"A Tabanli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tabanli A, Demirkiran ND (2025) Comparing ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 in low back pain patient education: addressing strengths, limitations, and psychosocial challenges. World Neurosurg 196:123755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.123755","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"7444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/coc.0000000000001050","volume":"47","author":"JR Janopaul-Naylor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Janopaul-Naylor JR, Koo A, Qian DC, McCall NS, Liu Y, Patel SA (2024) Physician assessment of ChatGPT and Bing answers to American Cancer Society\u2019s questions to ask about your cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 47(1):17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/coc.0000000000001050","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-023-00754-3","volume":"27","author":"A Cocci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cocci A, Pezzoli M, Lo Re M, Russo GI, Asmundo MG, Fode M et al (2024) Quality of information and appropriateness of ChatGPT outputs for urology patients. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 27(1):159\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-023-00754-3","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"7444_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030875","author":"A Ratuszniak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ratuszniak A, Gos E, Lorens A, Skarzynski PH, Skarzynski H, Jedrzejczak WW (2025) Performance of ChatGPT in pediatric audiology as rated by students and experts. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14030875","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"7444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1108\/AJIM-03-2020-0085","volume":"72","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L, Zhang C, He D (2020) Factors influencing the importance of criteria for judging answer quality on academic social Q&A platforms. Aslib J Inf Manag 72(6):887\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AJIM-03-2020-0085","journal-title":"Aslib J Inf Manag"},{"issue":"15","key":"7444_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000042135","volume":"104","author":"CA Stephenson-Moe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stephenson-Moe CA, Behers BJ, Gibons RM, Behers BM, Jesus Herrera L, Anneaud D et al (2025) Assessing the quality and readability of patient education materials on chemotherapy cardiotoxicity from artificial intelligence chatbots: an observational cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 104(15):e42135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000042135","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"11","key":"7444_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102797","volume":"49","author":"F Anaya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anaya F, Prasad R, Bashour M, Yaghmour R, Alameh A, Balakumaran K (2024) Evaluating ChatGPT platform in delivering heart failure educational material: a comparison with the leading national cardiology institutes. Curr Probl Cardiol 49(11):102797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102797","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7444_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2024.102119","volume":"65","author":"EW Covington","year":"2003","unstructured":"Covington EW, Watts Alexander CS, Sewell J, Hutchison AM, Kay J, Tocco L et al (2003) Unlocking the future of patient education: ChatGPT vs. LexiComp\u00ae as sources of patient education materials. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 65(1):102119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.japh.2024.102119","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc (2003)"},{"issue":"10","key":"7444_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947.PubMedPMID:37615960;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMCPMC10450581","volume":"9","author":"A Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan A, Musheyev D, Bockelman D, Loeb S, Kabarriti AE (2023) Assessment of artificial \u0131ntelligence chatbot responses to top searched queries about cancer. JAMA Oncol 9(10):1437\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947.PubMedPMID:37615960;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMCPMC10450581","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7444_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-10739-5","volume":"38","author":"YK Ghanem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghanem YK, Rouhi AD, Al-Houssan A, Saleh Z, Moccia MC, Joshi H et al (2024) Dr. Google to Dr. ChatGPT: assessing the content and quality of artificial intelligence-generated medical information on appendicitis. Surg Endosc 38(5):2887\u20132893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-024-10739-5","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"7444_CR35","first-page":"358","volume":"253","author":"BD Weiss","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weiss BD (2003) Health literacy American Medical Association 253:358","journal-title":"Health literacy American Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"7444_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.78313","volume":"17","author":"CE Collins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Collins CE, Giammanco PA, Guirgus M, Kricfalusi M, Rice RC, Nayak R et al (2025) Evaluating the quality and readability of generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot responses in the management of achilles tendon rupture. Cureus 17(1):e78313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.78313","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"7444_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2024.100893","volume":"6","author":"WL Johns","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johns WL, Kellish A, Farronato D, Ciccotti MG, Hammoud S (2024) Chatgpt can offer satisfactory responses to common patient questions regarding elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 6(2):100893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asmr.2024.100893","journal-title":"Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"7444_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/07370010701316254","volume":"24","author":"K Sand-Jecklin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sand-Jecklin K (2007) The impact of medical terminology on readability of patient education materials. J Community Health Nurs 24(2):119\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07370010701316254","journal-title":"J Community Health Nurs"},{"key":"7444_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murugadas D, Sizov S (2016) Do it yourself diagnosis: a study on acquiring health-related information online. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science; Hannover, Germany: Association for Computing Machinery, p. 276\u201385.","DOI":"10.1145\/2908131.2908147"}],"container-title":["Child's Nervous System"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07444-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07444-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07444-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:41:50Z","timestamp":1788514910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07444-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-026-07444-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-0350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-0350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of Bing\u00f6l University approved the study (approval no: 6\/11, and date: 20.11.2025). The study protocol adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for participation was obtained from the experts.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"353"}}